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Adjectives describe the form and characteristics of people and objects or the mode of an action. Most adjectives can be modified using an adverb placed in front. Adjectives can be used in affirmative-negative form to ask a question. For example, ÄÇË«¿ê×Ӹɾ»²»¸É¾»£¿(Are those chopsticks clean?)
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Some adjectives can be repeated to intensify their degree. For example, ËýµÄÍ··¢Êdz¤³¤µÄ¡£(Her hair is very long.) Adjectives can be used in front of verbs to act as abverbial adjuncts. For example, ËûÈÈÇ鵨½Ó´ýÎÒÃÇ¡£ (He cordially received us.) The adverbial adjunct is ÈÈÇ鵨and the verb is ½Ó´ý.
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In general, a monosyllabic adjective can directly modify another word. For example, °×Ö½(white paper). However, if you wish to emphasize the modified nature then you may use the particle µÄ. For example, ºÜÀäµÄÌìÆø(very cold weather). When a dissyllabic adjective modifies a monosyllabic noun then the particle ¡°µÄ¡± must be used. For example, ƯÁÁµÄ»¨(a beautiful flower). When a dissyllabic adjective modifies a dissyllabic noun then the particle µÄis optional. ÖØµþË«ÒôÐÎÈÝ´ÊʱҪÓÃÐÎʽAABB¡£ÀýÈ磺¡°¸É¸É¾»¾»¡±¡£
When repeating adjectives use the form AABB. For example, ¸É¸É¾»¾»(very clean). ÐÎÈÝ´Ê¿ÉÒÔÖ±½Ó×÷νÓï¡£ÀýÈ磺¡°Ëû¸ö×Ӹߡ±¡£¡°Ëû¸ö×Ó¡±ÊÇÖ÷Ó¡°¸ß¡±ÊÇνÓï¡£ÔÚÕâ¸öÇé¿öÖÐÒ²¿ÉÒÔÓø±´Ê¡°ºÜ¡±¡£ÀýÈ磺¡°Ëû¸ö×Ӻܸߣ¢¡£
Adjectives can directly function as predicates. For example, Ëû¸ö×Ó¸ß(He is tall). The subject is Ëû¸ö×Ó(his height) and the predicate is ¸ß (tall). In this situation, you may also use the adverb ºÜ (very). For example, Ëû¸ö×Ӻܸß(He is tall). ¡°¹«¡±£¬¡°Ä¸¡±ÓÃÀ´ÐÎÈݶ¯Îï¡£
¹« (male) and ĸ (female) are used to describe the sex of animals. ¶¯´Ê Verbs
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Verbs express actions, behavior, mental processes, developing changes, and so on. Transitive verbs can be followed directly by an object. Some verbs can take only a single object.
¿ÉÒÔÖ»´øÒ»¸ö±öÓïµÄ¼°Îﶯ´Ê Transitive Verbs that can only take one Object ¶¯´Ê Verbs Æï ride ´© wear ×ÔÐгµ a bicycle ¿ã×Ó trousers ±öÓï Objects Âí a horse Íà×Ó socks ´÷ wear д write ¿´ visit ³Ô eat ºÈ drink ±£»¤ protect ÑÛ¾µ glasses ÎÄÕ an article Ç×ÆÝ relatives Ãæ°ü bread Å£ÄÌ milk ×Ô¼º oneself ñ×Ó a hat ÐÅ a letter ÅóÓÑ friends ±ý¸É a cookie Æ¡¾Æ beer »·¾³ the environment ÓÐһЩ¼°Îﶯ´Ê¿ÉÒÔ´øÁ½¸ö±öÓï¡£
Some transitve verbs can take two objects.
¿ÉÒÔ´øÁ½¸ö±öÓïµÄ¼°Îﶯ´Ê Transitive Verbs that can take two Objects ¶¯´Ê Verbs ¸ø give ½Ì teach ÎÊ ask ¸æËß tell Äã you ѧÉú students ÀÏʦ the teacher Ëû him ±öÓï Objects ÀñÎï a gift Ó¢Óï English ÎÊÌâ a question Çé¿ö the situation ²»¼°Îﶯ´Ê²»ÄÜ´ø±öÓï¡£ÀýÈ磺»î¡¢»µ¡¢²¡¡¢ÐÑ¡¢´æÔÚ¡¢ÐÝÏ¢¡¢¿ÈËÔ¡¢Ê¤Àû¡¢¸¯°Ü¡¢³öÉú¡¢Ç°½ø¡£
Intransitive verbs cannot take object. Some examples are: »î (to live), »µ (to be bad), ²¡ (to be sick), ÐÑ (to be awake), ´æÔÚ (to exist), ÐÝÏ¢ (to rest), ¿ÈËÔ (to cough), ʤÀû (to be victorious), ¸¯°Ü(to be corrupt), ³öÉú (to be born), and ǰ½ø (to progress).
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Verbs can take a complement after them. For example, in the question Äãѧ»áÁËÂ𣿠(Can you do it now that you studied it?), ѧ is the verb and »áis the complement. ¿ÉÒÔÓÃÕý·´Ê½±íʾÎÊÌâ¡£ÀýÈ磺Äã»á²»»á¹úÓ¶¯´Ê¡°»á¡±ÖصþÔì³ÉÎÊÌâ¡£
The affirmative-negative form can be used to express questions. For example, in the question Äã»á²»»á¹úÓ (Can you speak Mandarin?) the verb »á is repeated to form the question.
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The suffix »¯ can be added to some nouns and adjectives to create verbs.
´Êβ¡°»¯¡±µÄ×÷Óã¨Ãû´Ê£© Use of the Suffix »¯ (Nouns) Ãû´Ê Noun ¶¯´Ê Verb ÕþÖÎ (politics) ÏÖ´ú (modern age) ÐÅÏ¢ (information) ÕþÖλ¯ (politicize) ÏÖ´ú»¯ (modernize) ÐÅÏ¢»¯ (automate [IT]) ´Êβ¡°»¯¡±µÄ×÷Óã¨ÐÎÈÝ´Ê£© Use of the Suffix »¯ (Adjectives) ÐÎÈÝ´Ê Adjective ×Ô¶¯ (automatic) ÂÌ (green) ů (warm) ¶¯´Ê¡°ÊÇ¡±
1. ¶¯´Ê¡°ÊÇ¡±¿ÉÒÔ±íʾÅжϡ£ÀýÈ磺 ËûÊÇ´ó·ò¡£ 2. ±íʾ´æÔÚÀýÈ磺 ǰ±ßÊǹ«°²¾Ö¡£ The verb ÊÇ
×Ô¶¯»¯ (automate) ¶¯´Ê Verb ÂÌ»¯ (to make green / to landscape) ů»¯ (to warm) 1. The verb ÊÇ can be used to express judgement. For example: ËûÊÇ´ó·ò¡£ (He is a doctor.)
2. To express existence. For example, the sentence ǰ±ßÊǹ«°²¾Ö¡£ (The police station is ahead.)
±íʾ¶¯×÷¡¢ÐÐΪ»òº¬Óлý¼«Ë¼Î¬»î¶¯µÄ¶¯´Ê¿ÉÒÔÖØµþ¡£ÀýÈ磺ÌýÌý¡¢´òɨ´òɨ¡¢ÏëÏë¡¢Æô·¢Æô·¢¡£Ò»Ð©¶¯´Ê²»¿ÉÒÔÖØµþ£º 1. 2. 3. 4.
ÐÄÀí»î¶¯, ÀýÈ磺¡°º¦Å¡±¡¢¡°ÁwĽ¡±¡¢¡°Ï²»¶¡±µÈ ±ä»¯£¬ÀýÈç £º¡°·¢Éú¡±¡¢¡°·¢Õ¹¡±¡¢¡°¿ªÊ¼¡±
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Verbs expessing actions, behaviors, or including positive thought can be repeated. For example: ÌýÌý (listen), ´òɨ´òɨ(sweep), ÏëÏë(think), Æô·¢Æô·¢ (to inspire). Some verbs cannot be repeated:
1. mental activities, such as º¦Å (to fear), ÁwĽ (to envy), ϲ»¶ (to like), and so on
2. changes, such as ·¢Éú (to occur), ·¢Õ¹ (to develop), ¿ªÊ¼ (to start) 3. existence, judgement, and possession, such as ÔÚ (is at), ÊÇ (is), Ïó (to seem), ÓÐ (to have)
4. indicating direction, such as Æð (to get up), ¹ý (to go past), ³ö (to go out), ½ø (to enter) ´ú´ÊPronouns
´ú´Ê¿ÉÒÔ´úÌæÃû´Ê¡¢¶¯´Ê¡¢ÐÎÈÝ´Ê¡¢Êý´Ê»òÕ߸±´Ê¡£´ú´Ê¿ÉÒÔ·Ö³ÉÈ˳ƴú´Ê¡¢Ö¸Ê¾´ú´ÊºÍÒÉÎÊ´ú´Ê¡£È˳ƴú´Ê´úÌæÈË»òÕßÊÂÎñ¡£Äã¡¢ÎÒ¡¢Äú¡¢Ëû¡¢Ëý¡¢Ëü¡¢×Ô¼º¶¼ÊÇÈ˳ƴú´Ê¡£Ö¸Ê¾´ú´ÊÇø±ðÈË»òÕßÊÂÎñ¡£Õâ¡¢ÕâÀï¡¢Õâ¶ù¡¢Õâô¡¢ÕâÑù¡¢ÄÇ¡¢ÄÇÀï¡¢ÄǶù¡¢ÄÇô¡¢ÄÇÑù¡¢Ã¿¡¢¸÷¶¼ÊÇָʾ´ú´Ê¡£ÒÉÎÊ´ú´Ê±íʾÒÉÎÊ¡£Ë¡¢Ê²Ã´¡¢ÄÄ¡¢ÄÄÀï¡¢ÄĶù¡¢¼¸¡¢¶àÉÙ¡¢Ôõô¡¢ÔõÑù¡¢ÔõôÑù¶¼ÊÇÒÉÎÊ´ú´Ê¡£
Pronouns can take the place of nouns, verbs, adjectives, numerals, and adverbs. Pronouns can be classified as personal pronouns, demonstrative pronouns, and interrogative pronouns. Personal pronouns take the place of people or things. Äã¡¢ÎÒ¡¢Äú¡¢Ëû¡¢Ëý¡¢Ëü¡¢and ×Ô¼ºare all personal pronouns. Demonstrative pronouns distinguish people or things. Õâ¡¢ÕâÀï¡¢Õâ¶ù¡¢Õâô¡¢ÕâÑù¡¢ÄÇ¡¢ÄÇÀï¡¢ÄǶù¡¢ÄÇô¡¢ÄÇÑù¡¢Ã¿¡¢and ¸÷are all demonstrative pronouns. Interrogative pronoun express a question. Ë¡¢Ê²Ã´¡¢ÄÄ¡¢ÄÄÀï¡¢ÄĶù¡¢¼¸¡¢¶àÉÙ¡¢Ôõô¡¢ÔõÑù and ÔõôÑùare all interrogative pronouns. ´ú´ÊµÄ×÷ÓúÍËü´úÌæµÄ´ÊÀàÊÇ»ù±¾Ïàͬ¡£±ÈÈ硰СÍõÈ¥ÄÄÀ¡±Ð¡ÍõÈ¥±±¾©¡£¡°ÄÄÀÊÇ´ú´Ê´úÌæ¡°±±¾©¡±¡£
The use of pronouns are basically the same as the nouns they represent. For example, СÍõÈ¥ÄÄÀ(Where is Xiao Wang going?) СÍõÈ¥±±¾©¡£ (Xiao Wang is going to Beijing.) ÄÄÀïis the pronoun substituting for ±±¾©. Öú¶¯´Ê Auxiliary Verbs
Öú¶¯´Ê°ïÖú¶¯´Ê±íʾÐèÒª¡¢¿ÉÄÜ»òÏ£Íû¡£ 1. ±íʾÄÜÁ¦£º ÄÜ¡¢Äܹ»¡¢»á 2. ±íʾ¿ÉÄܵģº
ÄÜ¡¢»á¡¢¿ÉÒÔ¡¢¿ÉÄÜ 3. ±íʾÇéÀíÉÏÐèÒª£º
Ó¦¡¢¸Ã¡¢Òª¡¢Ó¦¸Ã¡¢Ó¦µ± 4. ±íʾÐèÒª£º µÃ (d¨§i)¡¢±ØÐë 5. ±íʾÖ÷¹ÛÔ¸Íû£º Òª¡¢Ïë¡¢¸Ò¡¢Ô¸Òâ
Auxiliary verbs help verbs express need, possibility, or hope.
1. expressing capability:
ÄÜ (is capable of), Äܹ» (is capable of), »á (is able to) 2. expressing possibility:
ÄÜ (may), »á (may), ¿ÉÒÔ (may), ¿ÉÄÜ (may) 3. expressing necessity:
Ó¦ (should), ¸Ã (should), Òª (should), Ó¦¸Ã (should), Ó¦µ± (should) 4. expressing obligation:
µÃ (d¨§i, must), ±ØÐë (must)
5. expressing subjective willingness:
Òª (want to), Ïë (want to), ¸Ò (dare to), Ô¸Òâ (willing to) Öú¶¯´Ê¿ÉÒÔÐÞÊζ¯´Ê»òÐÎÈÝ´Ê¡£ÀýÈ磺¡°Îһὲ¹úÓ¡£ÔÚÕâ¸ö¾ä×ÓÖÐÖú¶¯´Ê¡°»á¡±ÐÞÊζ¯´Ê¡°½²¡±¡£ÀýÈ磺¡°Í¼Êé¹ÝÀïÓ¦¸Ã°²¾²¡±¡£ÔÚÕâ¸ö¾ä×ÓÖÐÖú¶¯´Ê¡°Ó¦¸Ã¡±ÐÞÊÎÐÎÈÝ´Ê¡°°²¾²¡±¡£ Auxiliary verbs can modify verbs or adjectives. For example, Îһὲ¹úÓï (I can speak Mandarin). In this sentence the auxiliary verb »á (can) modifies the verb ½² (speak). For example, ͼÊé¹ÝÀïÓ¦¸Ã°²¾²(The library should be quiet). In this sentence the auxiliary verb Ó¦¸Ã (should) modifies the adjective °²¾² (quiet). Êý´Ê Numerals
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Numerals express numbers. See Table of Basic and Accounting Numerals. Êý×Ö¿ÉÒÔ»¥Ïà×éºÏÆðÀ´±íʾ±ðµÄÕûÊý¡£ÀýÈ磺ÆßÊ®Íò¡£´ÊÍ·¡°µÚ¡±¿ÉÒÔÓñíʾ˳Ðò¡£ÀýÈ磺¡°µÚÆß°ÙÁãÒ»¡±¡£¿ÉÒÔÓÃÁ¿´Ê¡°±¶¡±±íʾ±¶Êý¡£ÀýÈ磺¡°Èý±¶¡±¡£
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