语言学 Chapter 3

Chapter 3: Tables and Exercises

Table 3.2 Some of the features required for classifying English sounds.

Feature name Voice Place

Classificatory possibilities [+voice] [-voice] [labial]

[denti-alveolar] [palatal] [velar] [stop] [fricative] [Approximant] [+nasal] [-nasal] [+lateral] [-lateral] [+sibilant] [-sibilant] [maximum] [4 height] [3 height] [2 height] [1 height] [+back] [-back] [+syllabic] [-syllabic]

English segments

b, d, g, m, n, v, 3 ,dз , ? , e , z, w, r, l, j (and all vowels) p, t, k, f, s, θ, ? p, b, m, f, v θ, e , t, d, n, s, z, l, r ?, 3, j (and front vowels) k, g, w ( and back vowels) p, t, k, b, d, g, m, n f, s, v, z, ?, 3, θ, e

w, r, l, j (and all vowels) m, n, ?

( all other speech sounds) l

( all other speech sounds) s, z, ?, 3 , t?, dз

( all other speech sounds) ( all consonants except w, j ) i: , u:, w, j ei, i, ?u, u e, ? ?, ɑ:

u: , u, ?:, ?, ?u, ɑ:, w, k, g

i, i:, ei, e, ? ( and all other consonants) all vowels and some consonants as m, n, ? , l, r all other consonants, including w, j .

音节

Stop

Nasal Lateral Sibilant Height

Back Syllabic

(Taken from Ladefoged, P. 1982: 39 with some minute revision)

??

? n? 成音节

除阻

?????

?

e?

不成音节

?? ?? ??

t?

送气[a]

d?

d? 无声除阻

d? 鼻音除阻 d? 边音除阻

?

发音

????

n? d? 浊音清化

b? a? 漏气音[b]

????

s? t?

b? a?

浊化

吱嘎音

??????????????????

??发音部位

t? d? 齿化

??

t? d? 舌唇化

t? d? 舌尖化

??t? d? 舌叶化

u? t? 较前

?? i? t? 较后

? ? 较央

??

e?

中央化

?

e? ?

较高（抬）(? = 有声齿龈嘶音擦音)

?

e? β

较低（降）(β = 双唇近音) ?

协同发音

?? x?

更圆唇

??x?

? 更展唇

t? d? 唇化或唇-软颚化

?

t?

颚化 d?

?? ?? ?? ?

t? d? 软腭化

t? d? 唇-卷舌化

e? o? 舌根前移

? z? 鼻音化

?

?? ?? ?? ??

t?

喉壁化

a?

?z? 软腭化或喉壁化

e? o? 舌根后移

? ? 卷舌化

( 2 ) V(owel) [ +nasal ] / ___ [ + nasal] $

This rule can be explained in the following way piece by piece:

V [ +nasal ] / ___ [ + nasal] $

Vowels become nasalized in the before nasal within a environment segments syllable

(8) The syllable structure for the words with one syllable:

σ

Onset Rhyme

Nucleus Coda

s p l i n t s → [splints]

(10). The syllable structure for words with more than one syllable

σ σ

Onset Rhyme Onset Rhyme

Nucleus Coda Nucleus Coda

s e n t r ? l [sentr?l] central

(11) Some examples for the words with one syllable.

Front onset onset back onset vowel front coda coda back coda back coda back coda （1） （2） （3）

Nucleus

onset (peak) coda e.g.: eye ai [ai] it i t [it] me m i: [mi:] bit b i t [bit] scrimps s k r i m p s [skrimps] screen s k r i: n [skri:n] twelfths t w e l f θ s [twelfθs]

(12) Different intonations representing different attitudes of the speaker(Radford 2000:48).

a. b. c. d. e. me me ? me! me me ?! eat peas eat peas ? eat peas ! eat peas eat peas ?!

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