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现在完成时 一、现在完成时构成
构成：现在完成时由助动词have + 过去分词构成，助动词have 有人称和数的变化。第三人称单数用has，其余用have.
现在完成时的否定式直接在助动词后面加上not、疑问式是把助动词提到主语之前。以study 为例，其否定式、疑问式和简单回答形式如下： 否定式 I have not (haven’t) studied…. You have not (haven’t) studied…. He has not (hasn’t) studied…. 否定疑问式 Have I not (Haven’t I) studied…? Have you not (Haven’t you) studied…? Has he not (Hasn’t he) studied…? 二、现在完成时用法 1、现在完成时通常表示在说话之前已经完成的动作或存在的状态。说话人强调的是该动作或状态对现在的结果或影响。
My daughter has just gone out. 我女儿刚出去。 I’m sure we’ve met before. 我肯定我们以前见过面。 She has arrived. 她到了。
2、表示持续到现在的动作或状态，往往和包括现在在内的表示一段时间的状语连用，如recently, already, just, lately, for…, since…,yet等。如：
I haven’t heard from her these days. 这些日子我没有收到她的信。 We haven’t seen you recently. 最近我们没有见到你。 They have been away for two years. 他们离开已经两年了。 She has been with us since Monday. ①for+时段
②since+过去一个时间点（译为：自从……以来） ③since+时段+ago ④since+从句（过去时）
⑤It is+时段+since+从句（过去时） Mary has been ill for three days.
疑问式 Have I studied…? Have you studied…? Has he studied…? 简单回答（肯定/否定） Yes, you have. No, you haven’t. Yes, I have. No, I haven’t. Yes, he has. No, he hasn’t. I have lived here since 1998. 注意：
since和for的区别
since后接时间点，如1993，last term, yesterday, the time I got there for后接一段时间，表示“长达多久”，如ten years, a while, two days等。
3、表示短暂意义的动词如arrive, leave, borrow, buy, begin, start, die等，在完成时当中不能和表示一段时间的状语连用，因为它们表示的动作不可能持续。因此，不能说： He has come here for 2 weeks. × The old man has died for 4 months. × They have left only for 5 minutes. ×
4、has gone (to),has been (to), has been (in) 的区别
Have/Has gone(to) :去了(现在不在说话现场，可能在路上和已经到) Where is your father?He has gone to Shanghai. Have/Has been (to) :去过（已不在去过的地方） My father has been to Shanghai.
Have/has been in：呆了多久（还在所呆的地方）
My father has been in Shanghai for two months. /since two months ago.
5、现在完成时不能和表示过去的时间状语连用，如yesterday, last year, in 1976, two days ago, just now, when I came in，但可以和already, yet, sometimes, always, often, before, lately, recently, once, twice, ever, never等连用。不能与when连用。 现在完成时往往同表示不确定的过去时间状语连用 例如：
She has already come. 她已经来了。 I haven’t read it yet. 我还没读过这个。 I have met him before. 我从前曾见过他。
Ma Hong has always been a good student. 马红一直是个好学生。 I have often seen him in the street. 我经常在街上看见他。 They have never been to Yan’an. 他们从未去过延安。 I haven't seen him lately. 我近来没看到他。 三、现在完成时的标志
1、现在完成时的含义之一是过去完成的动作对现在仍有影响,用以下四大标志词可以表达这种含义:
* 以already, just和yet为标志
He has already got her help. 他已得到她的帮助。 He has just seen the film. 他刚刚看过这场电影。 He hasn't come back yet. 他还没有回来。 * 以ever和never为标志
This is the best film I have ever seen. 这是我曾经看过的最好的一部电影。 He has never been to Beijing. 他从没有到过北京。 * 以动作发生的次数为标志
He says he has been to the USA three times. 他说他已经去过美国三次了。 * 以so far（到目前为止）为标+before
He has got to Beijing so far. 到目前为止他已到了北京。 She has passed the exam so far. 到目前为止她已经通过了考试。
2.过去已经开始的动作一直延续到现在, 甚至有可能继续延续下去,我们可以从动作“延续”的特性和“时间”点段的区分入手,进一步学习现在完成时。 ①for+时段 ②since+过去一个时间点（过去 从句）为标志 四、 瞬间动词
buy, die, join, come，go ,leave, join ……不能直接与for since 连用。要改变动词 buy----have borrow -----keep come/arrive/reach/get to-----be in go out----be out leave ----be away begin-----be on finish----be over open----be open close -----be closed die----be dead 1、have代替buy
My brother has had(不能用has bought) this bike for almost four years. 2、用keep或have代替borrow
I have kept(不能用have borrowed) the book for quite a few days. 3、用be替代become
How long has your sister been a teacher? 4、用have a cold代替catch a cold
Tom has had a cold since the day before yesterday. 5、用wear代替put on
6、用“be＋形容词”代终止性动词
be＋married代marry be＋ill代fall (get) ill be＋dead代die be＋asleep代fall (get) asleep
be＋awake代wake/wake up be＋gone代lose,die,sell,leave be＋open代open be closed代close/shut be＋missing(gone,lost)代lose 7、用“be＋副词”代终止性动词 be＋on代start begin “be＋up”代get up
“be＋back(to)”代return to, come back to, go back to
“be here (there)”代come(arrive, reach, get) here或go (arrive, reach, get) there 8、用“be＋介词短语”代终止性动词 1.“be in/at +地点”代替go to /come to 2.用be in the army 代替join the army 3.“be in/at +地点”代替move to 常用瞬间动词变延续性动词表：
1. have arrived at/in sw. got to/reached sw. come/gone/moved to sw. →have been in sw./at…相应的介词
2. have come/gone back/returned → have been back 3. have come/gone out →have been out 4. have become → have been
5. have closed / opened→ have been close/open 6. have got up → have been up； 7. have died → have been dead；
8. have left sw. → have been away from sw.
9. have fallen asleep/got to sleep → have been asleep； 10. have finished/ended/completed → have been over； 11. have married → have been married；
12. have started/begun to do sth. → have done sth. ； 13. have begun → have been on
14. have borrowed/bought →have kept/had 15. have lost → haven’t had 16. have put on →have worn
17. have caught /get a cold → have had a cold； 18. have got to know → have known 19. have/has gone to → have been in
20. have joined/have taken part in the league/the Party/the army→have been a member of/ have been in/have been the Party’s member/the league member/the soldier…
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