初三升高一暑期英语的句子成份及五大基本句型

英语的句子成分和五大基本句型

Members of a Sentence

英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句型一： Ｓ Ｖ （主＋谓）

二： Ｓ Ｖ Ｐ （主＋系＋表） 三： Ｓ Ｖ Ｏ （主＋谓＋宾）

四： Ｓ Ｖ ｏ Ｏ （主＋谓＋间宾＋直宾） 五： Ｓ Ｖ Ｏ Ｃ （主＋谓＋宾＋宾补） 基本句型一: 主+系+表

此句型的句子有一个共同的特点:句子谓语动词都不能表达一个完整的意思,必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语,才能表达完整的意思.这类动词叫做连系动词.系动词分两类:be, look, keep, seem等属一类,表示情况;get, grow, become, turn等属另一类,表示变化.be 本身没有什么意义,只起连系主语和表语的作用.其它系动词仍保持其部分词义.

1. This │is │an English-Chinese dictionary. 这是本英汉辞典. 2. The dinner │smells │good. 午餐的气味很好.

基本句型二: 主+谓(不及物： 不加宾语的动词)

此句型的句子有一个共同特点,即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思.这类动词叫做不及物动词,后面可以跟副词,介词短语,状语从句等.

1. The sun │was shining. 太阳在照耀着

注： be 本身没有什么意义,只起连系主语和表语（此句中表语表明主语的状态）的作用 2. The moon │rose. 月亮升起了.

基本句型三: 主+谓(及物：可加宾语的动词)+宾

此句型句子的共同特点是:谓语动词都具有实义,都是主语产生的动作,但不能表达完整的意思,必须跟有一个宾语,即动作的承受者,才能使意思完整.这类动词叫做及物动词. 1. Who │knows │the answer？ 谁知道答案？

2. He │admits │that he was mistaken. 他承认犯了错误. 基本句型四: 主+谓(及物)+双宾（间宾+直宾）

此句型的句子有一个共同特点:谓语动词必须跟有两个宾语才能表达完整的意思.这两个宾语一个是动作的直接承受者（直接宾语）,另一个是动作的间接承受者（间接宾语）.通常这一间接承受者用一个介词来连接,当动作的间接承受者在动作的直接承受者之前时,这一介词往往被省略.

1. She │ordered │herself │a new dress. =She ordered a new dress for herself.她给自己定了一套新衣裳.

注：本句中，直接宾语为a new dress, 间接宾语为 herself 2. I │showed │him │my pictures. 我给他看我的照片. 基本句型五: 主+谓(及物)+复合宾语（宾+宾补）

注：宾补，全称宾语补足语，用来补充说明宾语。宾语补足语也有许多形式，如名词，不定式，形容词以及副词、介词短语等

此句型的句子的共同特点是:动词虽然是及物动词,但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思,必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语,才能使意思完整.

1. They │painted │the door │green. 他们把门漆成绿色.（green，表明门的性质）

2. They │found │the house │deserted. 他们发现那房子无人居住.（deserted，表明房子的状态）

选择题练习

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a，Ｓ Ｖ b， Ｓ Ｖ Ｐ c，Ｓ Ｖ Ｏ d，Ｓ Ｖ ｏ Ｏ e，Ｓ Ｖ Ｏ Ｃ 1，Pleas tell us a story._______ 2, She smiled.______

3. I have a lot work to do._____ 4. His job is to train swimmers._____ 5. He noticed a man enter the room._____ 句子结构分析：

1. What he said does not matter. 2. His face turned │red. 3. He bought you a dictionary. 4. He enjoys reading.

5. I told him that the bus was late. 6. What │makes him think so？ 7. Everything looks different.

8. He showed me how to run the machine. 9. They talked for half an hour. 10. We saw him out.

11. He is growing tall and strong. 12. He asked me to come back soon. 13. The pen writes smoothly.

14. I saw them getting on the bus at that time.

但常用的英语句子并不都象基本句型这样简短，除了基本句型的成分不变外，通常是在这些成分的前面或后面增加一些修饰语而加以扩大。这些修饰语可以是单词（adj./adv./num.数词）短语（主要是介词短语、不定式短语和分词短语）。我们称之为：定语、状语 The little boy needs a blue pen.

一、 定语：

定语是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子，译为??……的?? 可充当定语的有形容词、代词、名词及所有格、分词（短语）、不定式、介词短语、副词、从句等。 定语通常位于被修饰的成分前。复合不定代词（something/nothing）之后； 介词短语/不定式/分词短语/从句作定语时要放在被修饰的成分后； Two boys need two pens. His name is Tom.

The boy in blue is Tom. The boy there needs a pen.

He tried to write poetry in his off time. The boy needs a ball pen. There is nothing to do today.

The pen bought by her is made in China. The boy you will know is Tom.

二、状语：

状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句的句子成分，说明方式、因果、条件、时间、地点、让步、方向、程度、目的等

--The boy needs a pen now.

--The boy needs a pen very much.

可用作状语的有副词,不定式，分词，介词短语，从句等。 介词短语作状语

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In the classroom, the boy needs a pen. 在教室里，男孩需要一支钢笔。（地点状语） Before his mother, Tom is always a boy.

在母亲面前,汤姆总是一个男孩子.(条件状语) On Sundays, there is no student in the classroom. 星期天,教室里没有学生. (时间状语) 分词（短语）作状语：

He sits there, asking for a pen. 他坐在那儿要一支笔。（表示伴随状态）

Having to finish his homework, the boy needs a pen. 因为不得不完成作业，男孩需要一支笔。（原因状语） Frightened, he sits there soundlessly.

（因为）受了惊吓，他无声地坐在那儿。（原因状语） 不定式作状语：

The boy needs a pen to do his homework. 男孩需要一支笔写家庭作业。（目的状语）

To make his dream come true, Tom becomes very interested in business. 为实现梦想,汤姆变得对商业很有兴趣.

状语从句：时间状语从句、地点状语从句、原因状语从句、结果状语从句、目的状语从句、比较状

语从句、让步状语从句、条件状语从句

--We chatted as we walked along.

--Even if she laughs at him, he adores her.

三、同位语：

同位语 当两个指同一事物的句子成分放在同等位置时，一个句子成分用来说明和解释另一个句子成分，这个句子成分就叫做它的同位语。 We students should study hard.

(students是we的同位语，都是指同一批?学生?） We all are students.

(all是we的同位语，都指同样的?我们?）

四、独立成分：

与全句没有语法关系的句子成分叫做句子的独立成分 感叹词：oh, hello, aha, ah,等。 肯定词:yes 否定词:no

称呼语：称呼人的用语。

插入语：一些句中插入的I think , I believe等。

如: The story, I think, has never come to the end. 我相信,这个故事还远没结束.

课堂练习：

一) 挑出下列句中的宾语

① My brother hasn't done his homework. ② People all over the world speak English.

④ How many new words did you learn last class?

⑤ Some of the students in the school want to go swimming, how about you?

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⑥ The old man sitting at the gate said he was ill.

(二) 挑出下列句中的表语

-- The old man was feeling very tired. -- The leaves have turned yellow.

-- Soon They all became interested in the subject.

(三) 挑出下列句中的定语 1. What is your given name?

2. I am afraid some people forgot to sweep the floor. 3. The man downstairs was trying to sleep. 4. I am waiting for the sound of the other shoe!

(四) 挑出下列句中的宾语补足语

① She likes the children to read newspapers and books in the reading-room. ② He asked her to take the boy out of school. ③ She found it difficult to do the work. ④ They call me Lily sometimes. ⑤ I saw Mr. Wang get on the bus.

(五) 挑出下列句中的状语

① There was a big smile on her face.

② Every night he heard the noise upstairs.

③ He began to learn English when he was eleven. ④ The man on the motorbike was traveling too fast.

⑤ With the medicine box under her arm, Miss Li hurried off. ⑥ She loves the library because she loves books.

⑦ I am afraid that if you've lost it, you must pay for it.

⑧ The students followed Uncle Wang to see the other machine.

划分句子成分

1. You will tell your friend that you?ve got to school.

1. But as the moon gave far too much light, I didn?t dare open a window.

3. Another time five months ago, I happened to be upstairs at dusk when the window was open. 4. The dark, rainy evening, the wind, the thundering clouds held me entirely in their power.

1.You will tell （your） friend that you?ve got to school.

2. But [as the moon gave far too much light], I didn?t dare open a window. 3. [Another time five months ago], I happened to be Upstairs [at dusk] (when the window was open). 4. The (dark, rainy) evening, the wind, the thundering Clouds held me [entirely] in their power.

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