语言学 考研真题

语言学 考研真题和答案

第一章 语言学

Fill in the blanks

1. Human language is arbitrary. This refers to the fact that there is no logical or intrinsic connection between a particular sound and the _______it is associated with. （人大2007研）

meaning 语言有任意性，其所指与形式没有逻辑或内在联系 2. Human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present (in time and space) at the moment of communication. This quality is labeled as _______. （北二外2003研） displacement 移位性指人类语言可以让使用者在交际时 用语言符号代表时间和空间上不可及的物体、事件和观点

3. By duality is meant the property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the _______ level are composed of elements of the __________ level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization. （北二外2006研）

primary, secondary 双重性指拥有两层结构的这种属性，底层结构是上层结构的组成成分，每层都有自身的组合规则

4. The features that define our human languages can be called _______ features. （北二外2006）

design人类语言区别于其他动物交流系统的特点是语言的区别特征，是人类语言特有的特征。

5. The term ________ originates from Malinowski's study of the functions of language performed by Trobriand Islanders. It refers to the social interaction of language. （中山大学2006研） phatic communication寒暄功能有助于确立和维持人际关系的表达，最先由Malinowski提出

6. Halliday proposes a theory of metafunctions of language, that is, language has ________, in-terpersonal and textual functions. （中山大学2008研）

ideational 韩礼德将儿童的语言功能范围逐渐缩小，简化成为一套高度符号化和抽象化的功能：概念、人际、语篇功能。

7. Our language can be used to talk about itself. This is the ________ function of language. （中山大学2005研） metalingual语言的元语言功能是指语言可以用来讨论语言本身。

8. Linguistics is usually defined as the _______ study of language. （北二外2003研） scientific 9. ________ studies how the speech sounds are made, transmitted, and received, and _______ studies the rules governing the structure, distribution and sequencing of speech sounds and the shape of syllables. （人大2006研）

phonetics, phonology语音学研究语音是如何产生，传播以及接收的；音系学研究支配语音分布和排列的规则以及音节的形式。

10. _______studies meaning in language, _______is about principles of forming and understanding correct English sentences, and ________ is concerned with the internal organization of words. They are all among the main branches of linguistics. （人大2006研）

semantics, syntax, morphology语义学研究语言的意义，句法学研究构成句子的规则，形态学研究词汇的内部结构。三者都是语言学的分支。

11. In Saussure's view, the relationship between signifier (sound image) and signified (concept) is_______. （北二外2003） arbitrary索绪尔认为符号的形式或声音与其意义之间没有逻辑联系。

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12. ________ is the study of the language-processing mechanisms. It is concerned with the storage, comprehension, production and acquisition of language; ________ on the other hand, attempts to show the relationship between language and society. They both belong to branches of macrolinguistics. （人大2006研）

psycholinguistics, sociolinguistics心理语言学研究语言处理机制，如语言的记忆、理解、习得等。社会语言学研究语言与社会之间的关系。

13. Saussure distinguished the linguistic competence of the speaker and the actual phenomena or data of linguistics (utterances) as ________ and ________. The former refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community, and the latter is the concrete manifestation of language either through speech or through writing. （人大2006研）

langue, parole索绪尔用语言和言语来区分说话者的语言能力和言语上(表达的)的实际表现或语料。

14. ________ grammars attempt to tell what is in the language, while ________ grammars tell people what should be in the language. Most contemporary linguists believe that whatever occurs naturally in the language should be described. （人大2006研）

descriptive, prescriptive 描述性语言记录语言共同体的成员所遵循的规则，规定式的语言学目的在于为正确使用语言定下各种规则。

15. One of the important distinctions in linguistics is ________ and performance. （人大2006）

competence 语言能力指理想的语言使用者关于语言规则的语言知识，语言应用指语言交际中关于语言规则知识的实际使用。

16. Theory that primitive man made involuntary vocal noises while performing heavy work has been called the ________ theory. yo-he-ho 语言的起源有“汪汪”理论，“噗噗”理论和“哟嘿吼”理论o“哟嘿吼”理论语言起源于原始人共同劳动时发出的有节奏的哼哟声。 17. The description of a language as it changes through time is a ________ study.

Diachronic linguistic 历时语言学家集中研究几十年或几百年的时期内两个或比两个更多的语言状况的差异。

18. Linguistic potential is similar to Saussure's langue and Chomsky's ________.

Competence 索绪尔的语言与乔姆斯基的语言能力相似，因为二者都指抽象的语言知识，不是实际使用中的语言

Multiple Choices

1. Which of the following statement is NOT true? （大连外院2008研） B

A. Language is a means of vocal communication. B. Language is instrumental.

C. Language is social and conventional.

2. Which of the following is NOT a frequently discussed design feature? （大连外院2008研） B

A. Arbitrariness B. Convention C. Duality

3. By _______we mean language is resourceful because of its duality and recursiveness. （西安外院2006研）

A. arbitrariness B. duality C. creativity D. displacement C 创造性指语言的能产性，能早出和理解无穷的长句，其中大半是从未听说过的 4. Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary? （西安交大2008研） A

A. tree B. crash C. typewriter D. bang

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Crash是个缩略语， typewriter是复合词，bang是拟声词，

5. The functions of language do NOT include ________. （大连外院2008研） C

A. informative function B. interpersonal function

C. metacognitive function 语言的主要功能是寒暄功能、指示功能、信息功能、疑问功

能、表达功能、施为功能和劝说功能

6. The most important sociological use of language is the _______ function, by which people establish and maintain their status in a society. （西安外院2006研） B A. performative B. interpersonal C. phatic D. metalingual 7. Saussure took a (n) ________ view of language, while Chomsky looks at language from a ______point of view. （西安交大2008研） A

A. sociological. . . psychological B. psychological. . . sociological C. applied. . . pragmatic D. semantic. . . linguistic 索绪尔的语言 指语言社团中的语言，所以是从社会的角度研究语言。

乔姆斯基是从使用者本身掌握的语言知识研究语言，是从心理角度研究语言。

8. According to F. de Saussure, _______ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community. （西安交大2008研） C

A. parole B. performance C. langue D. Language 9. The study of physical properties of the sounds produced in speech is closely connected with ______. （大连外院2008研） B 声学语音学研究语音的物质特质

A. articulatory phonetics B. acoustic phonetics C. auditory phonetics

10. Study the following dialogue. What function does it play according to the functions of language?

—A nice day, isn't it?

—Right! I really enjoy the sunlight. B 寒暄功能 A. Emotive. B. Phatic. C. Performative. D. Interpersonal. 11. ________ deals with language application to other fields, particularly education. C

A. Linguistic geography B. Sociolinguistics C. Applied linguistics D. Comparative linguistics

12. Verbal dueling, the use of language for the sheer joy of using it, is mainly to do with the _______, function of language. （武汉大学2011研） D 为了开心好玩，所以选娱乐功能

A. performative B. interpersonal C. informative D. recreational

True or False

1. The phatic function refers to language function for establishing or maintaining social contact rather than for exchanging information or ideas. （清华2011研） T寒暄功能是指建立与保持社交联络而不是交换信息

2. Syntax refers to the study of the rules governing the way words are combined to form sentences in a language. （大连外院2008研） T

3. ―Competence‖ and ―performance‖ are two distinctive terms proposed by Saussure. （北二外2005研） F 是乔姆斯基提出的

4. The concept competence originally refers to the grammatical knowledge of the ideal language user and has nothing to do with the actual use of language in concrete situation. （南开2004研） T 5. Prescriptive linguistics is more popular than descriptive linguistics, because it can tell us how to

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speak correct language. F 这是两种不同的方法，不能淡出说谁好谁坏 6. By diachronic study we mean to study the changes and development of language. T 7. Onomatopoeic words are totally arbitrary. F 拟声词不是完全任意的

Explain the Following Terms

1. arbitrariness （四川大学2006研） 2. duality （四川大学2006研）

3. displacement （南开2010研，清华2001研） 4. performative function （武汉大学2004研） 5. parole （北师大2004研）

6. descriptive study of linguistics （四川大学2007研） 7. langue （北外2010研）

1. Arbitrariness refers to the fact that the forms of linguistic signs be no natural relationship to their meaning. Arbitrariness of language makes it potentially creative; a conventionality of language makes a language be passed from generation to generation. For example, it is unable to explain why a book is called a /buk/ and a pen a /pen/.

2. Duality refers to the fact that in all languages so far investigated there are two levels of structure or patterning. At the first, higher level, language is analyzed in terms of combinations of meaningful units (such as morphemes, words etc. ) ; at the second, lower level, it is seen as a sequence of segments which lack any meaning in themselves, but which combine to form units of meaning. For example, a syllable is the smallest unit that is normally spoken by itself, and scores of syllables become the carriers of hundreds of meaningful segments of words that are called morphemes. 3. Language can be used to refer to what is present, what is absent, what happens at present, what happened in the past, what will happen in the future or what happens in a far-away place. This property of language enables language users to overcome the barriers caused by time and place. For example, scientists can predict the \away from us.

4. The performative function of language is primarily to change the social status of persons and it can extend to the control of reality as on some magical or religious occasions. The kind of language employed in performative verbal acts is usually quite formal and even ritualized. For example, in Chinese when someone breaks a bowl the host or the people present are likely to say sui sui ping an (every day be safe and happy) as a means of controlling the forces which the believers feel might affect their lives.

5. Parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use. It varies enormously according to individu-als. The speeches, the idiosyncratic utterances made by individuals are all examples of parole. 6. To say that linguistics is a descriptive study is to say that the linguist tries to discover and record the roles to which the members of a language-community actually conform and does not seek to impose upon them other rules, or norms, of correctness, which are in the scope of prescriptive linguistics.

7. Langue refers to abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community. Parole refers to particular realization of langue.

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