上海市十四校2017届高三第二次（3月）联考英语试卷 - 图文

上海中考高考英语互动群 13761704134—群主 The Pros and Cons of Napping ? Daytime resting: helpful or harmful? Getting some sleep, even a short afternoon nap, may seem like a good thing for people with sleep disorders. But for those with insomnia and an already decreased desire to sleep at night, midday shut-eye can actually be counterproductive. So before you curl up on the couch this afternoon, consider whether your quick fix might backfire when you lie down in bed tonight. ? Trouble sleeping at night If you have insomnia, naps present a problem, even if you feel tired during the day. Napping during the day can perpetuate bad sleep habits for people with temporary sleep issues caused by stress, illness, or jet lag too. “Even just a little bit of a power nap reduces your nighttime sleep drive,” says Ralph Downey III, PhD, director of the Sleep Disorders Center at Loma Linda University Medical Center in California. “The nap becomes nothing more than another episode of fragmented sleep.” ? Getting through the day If you don?t have a problem getting your z?s at night, a quick nap can work wonders to pull you through a tiresome or sleep-deprived day. In fact, a 2008 study found that a 45-minute daytime nap can improve memory function. And previous studies have found that naps can lower blood pressure. Those who suffer from narcolepsy or shift-work syndrome may also benefit from daytime naps, says James Wyatt, PhD, director of the Sleep Disorders Service and Research Center at Rush University Medical Center in Chicago. ? Fatigue could be a warning sign If you?re constantly fighting the urge to sleep during the day and falling asleep instantly at night, you might have obstructive sleep apnea, a condition in which you stop breathing while you sleep. In this case, naps won?t help. By wearing a continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) machine that flows oxygen through your nose, however, you?ll likely sleep more soundly and wake refreshed—whether from a good night?s rest or a quick catnap.

60. If you suffer from insomnia _________________. A. midday shut-eye may be helpful

B. a short afternoon nap is probably a good thing C. napping during the day is considered a good habit

D. a little bit of a power nap decreases your night time sleep desire

61. A quick nap can be beneficial for common people except those ______________. A. who have a problem falling into sleep at night B. whose memory is not good enough C. who suffer from shift-work syndrome D. whose blood pressure is too high

5

上海中考高考英语互动群 13761704134—群主

62. It can be inferred from the passage that _____________.

A. naps are helpful for those who have obstructive sleep apnea B. more oxygen through your nose might improve sleep quality

C. a 45-minute daytime nap can be beneficial for those with insomnia D. a quick nap can pull everyone through a sleep-deprived day

(C)

Human activities are largely responsible for climate change, which is already having an observable effect on our planet. Particularly emissions from the burning of fossil fuels such as oil and gas have led to an increase in the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Key indicators of climate change-including rising average temperatures, melting glaciers, and rising sea levels-are expected to have devastating consequences for humans and environments. Tackling the challenge posed by climate change will require a coordinated and global effort.

Acknowledging that climate change is a common concern of humankind, delegations from 195 states successfully negotiated a new and binding international agreement to protect the global climate at the 21st Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change（UNFCCC）held in Paris in December 2015, The successful adoption of the Paris Agreement was also due to the hard work of a host of non-state actors, including NGOs and research institutions working to address the challenges of climate change.

With the first commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol due to expire in 2012, governments agreed to begin negotiations on an emissions reductions treaty for the

post-Kyoto era at the 2007 Conference of Parties（COP）in Bali. In line with the

agreement reached by the parties to the UNFCCC at the 2011 COP in Durban to negotiate a new climate protection treaty, this process was concluded successfully with the adoption of Paris Agreement in late 2015.

One of the key innovations of the Paris Agreement is the adoption of a clearly defined target to limit global warming. The signatory states have agreed to limit the rise in global average temperature to well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels. In order to achieve this, the agreement requires parties to prepare, communicate and maintain so-called“ Nationally Determined Contributions”（NDCs）that they intend to achieve. These national commitments represent a further departure from the model of Kyoto Protocol.

The Paris Agreement does not include any language on precisely what states should include in these commitments. While the emissions reduction targets specified for each country under the terms of the Kyoto Protocol were the outcome of multilateral negotiations, under the Paris Agreement states are invited to determine their national contributions as they see fit. The NDCs submitted so far under the Paris Agreement will not be sufficient to keep global warming below the two degree target. However, the agreement also requires that states review the implementation of their NDCs and update their pledges every five years. The first evaluation of the implementation of the Paris Agreement is scheduled for 2023.

63. Which of the following is not the result of greenhouse effect?

6

上海中考高考英语互动群 13761704134—群主

A. Average temperature rises B. Glaciers melt C. Human beings burn fossil fuels D. Sea levels rise 64. In what aspect is Paris Agreement different from Kyoto Protocol?

A. National contributions are not stated clearly in Paris Agreement B. Kyoto Protocol were the outcome of multilateral negotiations

C. Paris Agreement acknowledges and climate change is a common concern of humankind

D. Specified targets each state should achieve are not included in Paris Agreement 65. It can be concluded from the passage that ___________. A. Kyoto Protocol is still working now 资*源%库 ziyuanku.com B. With Paris Agreement, human beings needn?t worry about climate change anymore C. Paris Agreement will probably not achieve the goal of keeping global warming below 2°C D. National commitments in Paris Agreement agree with the model of the Kyoto Protocol 66. Which of the following is the best title of the passage?

A. The Cause of Climate Change B. The Paris Agreement and Global Climate Policy C. Kyoto Protocol Replaces the Paris Agreement D. The outcome of Paris Agreement

Section C

Directions: Complete the following passage by using the sentences listed below. Each sentence can only be used once. Note that there are two sentences more than you need. A. The evidence indicates that this hypothesis applies chiefly to males. B. These points of view are widely accepted by the U.S. lawmakers. C. Finally, the authors examined the possible causes for the sex difference in sports interest. D. For example, in every society, males participate in sports at least twice as much as females in terms of frequency of duration. E. These points challenge the bedrock assumptions of many scholars and policy makers. F. However, how can we address the issue from a broad, evolutionary perspective? WWW.ziyuanku.com Sex difference in sports interest: What does evolution say?

Sports are enormously popular, and one striking pattern is that boys and men are typically much more involved than are girls and women. This sex difference has policy implications, and it raises fundamental questions about the mature of sex differences. A recent review article by Deaner, Balish, and Lombardo（2016）, published in Evolutionary Behavioral Sciences, analyzes the relevant theoretical work.

First, the authors demonstrated that females? under-representation in sport—both as participants and spectators—generally reflects their lesser sports interest, not merely fewer opportunities for involvement. Moreover, this sex difference occurs in all societies described thus far, from hunters and gatherers to large contemporary societies. ______（67）____________.

Next, the authors explored adaptive, functional hypotheses（猜想）for sports. One hypothesis holds that individual compete in sports to gain status and that non-participants monitor sports performances so they can evaluate potential competitors and allies（同

7

上海中考高考英语互动群 13761704134—群主

盟）.______（68）_______. Another hypothesis is that sports serve as courtship displays that advertise participant quality to the opposite sex. This hypothesis effectively explain some aspects of female?s sports interest.

____（69）____. Although it is often assumed that socialization practices entirely cause this sex difference, the evidence that socialization plays a role remains doubtful. In particular, no systematic historical comparison has ever shown a decrease in the sex difference. Moreover, several studies indicate that inborn hormones contribute to males? greater sports interest.

The points from this review are that the sex difference in sports interest is widespread, partly due to evolutionary pressures that differentially affected males and females, and unlikely to be fully overturned by socialization. ______（70）______, Most notably, Title IX is a U.S. law that prohibits sexual discrimination in educational opportunities, including sports and Title IX is generally implemented under the assumption that females? sports interest is inherently equal to that of males. The present research indicates that this implementation may require revision.

Section D

Directions: Read the following passage, Summarize the main idea and the main points of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.

Could goats become our new best friends?

In a new paper in the journal Biology letters, researchers from QMUL?s School of Biological and Chemical Sciences found that goats respond to people by gazing at them when facing a problem they cannot solve alone, and their responses change depending on the person?s behaviour.

To investigate, the team trained goats to remove a lid from a box to receive a reward. They made the reward inaccessible and recorded their reaction. In the test, the goats redirected their gaze frequently between the inaccessible reward and human experimenters. They also gazed towards a forward facing person earlier, more often and for longer compared to when the person was facing away.

The results provide strong evidence for complex communication between humans and goats, which were domesticated primarily for agricultural production, and show similarities with animals bred to become pets or working animals, such as dogs and horses.

The research indicates that the domestication of animals has a much broader impact on our knowledge about human-animal relationship than previously believed. For example, it?s thought that the capacity of dogs to be aware of information from humans is the result of changes to the brain from becoming a companion animal through domestication.

“Goats were the first livestock（家畜）species to be domesticated, about 10,000 years ago,” said lead author Dr Alan McElligott from the School?s Department of Biological and Experimental Psychology.

“From our research, we know that many domesticated animals, for agricultural production are smarter than their reputation suggests, and these results show how they can communicate and interact with their human handlers just as pets or working animals.”

8