英语议论文中常见的论证方法马栋

高级阅读议论文中常见的论证方法及对应考点

综合能力部：吕永华

? 1. 例证 2. 数据论证 3. 比较对比论证 4. 引证 5. 喻证 6. 1， 例证法

Privatization, or the threat of it, is a motivation as well. Monopolies that until recently have been free to take their customers for granted now fear what Michael Perry, a marketing professor, calls “the revengeful consumer.” …… The graceless El Al Airlines, which is already at auction (拍卖), has retrained its employees to emphasize service and is boasting about the results in an ad campaign with the slogan, “You can feel the change in the air.” For the first time, praise outnumbers complaints on customer survey sheets. ? The example of El A1 Airlines shows that ________.

A) revengeful customers are a threat to the monopoly of enterprises B) an ad campaign is a way out for enterprises in financial difficulty C) a good slogan has great potential for improving service D) staff retraining is essential for better service． 2. 数据论证

That the seas are being overfished has been known for years. What researchers such as Ransom Myers and Boris Worm have shown is just how fast things are changing. They have looked at half a century of data from fisheries around the world. Their methods do not attempt to estimate the actual biomass of fish species in particular parts of the ocean, but rather changes in that biomass over time. According to their latest paper published in Nature, the biomass of large predators in a new fishery is reduced on average by 80% within 15 years of the start of exploitation. In some long-fished areas, it has halved again since then. ? We can infer from Dr. Myers and Dr. Worm’s paper that ________.

[A] the stock of large predators in some old fisheries has reduced by 90% [B] there are only half as many fisheries as there were 15 years ago [C] the catch sizes in new fisheries are only 20% of the original amount [D] the number of larger predators dropped faster in new fisheries than in the old 3. 比较与对比论证

The tourist streams are not entirely separate. The sightseers who come by bus -- and often take in Warwick Castle and Blenheim Palace on the side -- don’t usually see the plays, and some of them are even surprised to find a theatre in Stratford. However, the playgoers do manage a little sight-seeing along with their playgoing. It is the playgoers, the RSC contends, who bring in much of the town’s revenue because they spend the night pouring cash into the hotels and restaurants. The sightseers can take in everything and get out of town by nightfall. ? It can be inferred from Paragraph 3 that ________.

[A] the sightseers cannot visit the Castle and the Palace separately [B] the playgoers spend more money than the sightseers

[C] the sightseers do more shopping than the playgoers [D] the playgoers go to no other places in town than the theater 4. 引证

How things have changed! In 1995 the United States can look back on five years of solid growth while Japan has been struggling. Few Americans attribute this solely to such obvious causes as a devalued dollar or the turning of the business cycle. Self doubt has yielded to blind pride. \quick witted,\of Government. \makes me proud to be an American just to see how our businesses are improving their productivity,\says Stephen Moore of the Cato Institute, a think tank in Washington, DC. And William Sahlman of the Harvard Business School believes that people will look back on this period as \? The author seems to believe the revival of the U.S. economy in the 1990s can be attributed to

the ________.

[A] turning of the business cycle

[B] restructuring of industry [C] improved business management

[D] success in education 5. 喻证

In an odd way, however, it is the educated who have claimed to have given up on ambition as an ideal. What is odd is that they have perhaps most benefited from ambition. There is a heavy note of hypocrisy in this, a case of closing the barn door after the horses have escaped — with the educated themselves riding on them. ? The last sentence of the first paragraph most probably implies that it is ________.

[A] customary of the educated to discard ambition in words

[B] too late to check ambition once it has been let out [C] dishonest to deny ambition after the fulfillment of the goal

[D] impractical for the educated to enjoy benefits from ambition