科技英语word

课件1

?我们来看看这个博弈可预测的均衡是什么。对A来说，

尽管他不知道B作何选择，但他知道无论B选择什么，他选择“坦白”总是最优的。显然，根据对称性，B也会选择“坦白”，结果是两人都被判刑8年。但是，倘若他们都选择“抵赖”，每人只被判刑1年。（抵赖、抵赖）是最优的，因为偏离这个行动选择组合的任何其他行动选择组合都至少会使一个人的境况变差。不难看出，“坦白”是任一犯罪嫌疑人的占优战略，而（坦白，坦白）是一个占优战略均衡。

3. zero-sum games (Para.1)（非合作博弈）

A situation in which a gain by one person or side must be matched by a loss by another person or side. A game is said to be a zero-sum game if the total amount of payoffs at the end of the game is zero. Thus, in a zero-sum game the total amount won id exactly equal to the amount lost. 4. tic-tac-toe (Para.6)

A game in which two players alternatively put crosses(×) and circles(○) in one of the compartments of a square grid of nine spaces; the goal is to get a row of three crosses or three circles before the opponent does. 5. strategy of brinkmanship (Para.17)

Brinkmanship refers to the policy or practice, especially in international politics and foreign policy, of pushing a dangerous situation to the brink of disaster in order to achieve the most advantageous outcome, by forcing the opposition to make concessions. Text Organization Part One

Content questions:

1. What kind of games did early game theory mathematicians emphasize? What is the current research focus?

2. Are game strategies different from decisions made in a neutral environment? Why or why not? Language Study

1. It attempts to determine mathematically and … a wide array of “games”. (para.1)

译文：它试图以数学和逻辑的方法来帮助博弈者作出决策，在一系列纷繁复杂的博弈中应采取何种策略来保证自身获得最大利益。

2. pioneer: v. to originate (course of action etc., followed later by others.) (para.2)

Eg. The new treatment for cancer was pioneered by the experts of state hospital.

Translate the following expressions:

1. mutual gain game and mutual harm game 互赢博弈和互败博弈

2. positive sum and negative sum 正和和负和 3. pure conflict 完全博弈 Part Two

Content questions:

?How many types of strategic independence are there in the

games? What?s the difference between them? Can you give some examples of these types?

2. What are the limitations of Nash?s equilibrium? 3. inter-: between each other (para.4) Eg. interchange

*give sth to and receive from each other; exchange intermarry

*marry sb within one?s own family or group international

*of, carried on by or existing between two or more nations interview

*meeting between two people to discuss important matters 4. reason: v. to form or try to reach conclusions by connected thought; to think out (para. 5)

Eg. Man?s ability to reason makes him different from the animal.

I reason in this way about the matter. 5. In contrast to… logical circle. (para. 7)

Paraphrase: A game with simultaneous move requires a logical circular thinking, which is totally different from the linear chain of reasoning for sequential games.

6. We look for a set of choices…what the others do. (para. 8)

译文：我们寻求一系列的策略组合，每个博弈者都会有自己的选择，当所有的对手们在实施他们决定的最佳策略时，我们所做的选择应该对自己是最有利的。换句话说，每个博弈者都会对其他人的策略作出最优化的应对。 Translate the following expressions: 1. sequential-move game 连续策略博弈

2. simultaneous-move game 联立策略博弈 3. linear reasoning 直线推理

4. circular reasoning 循环推理 5. Nash equilibrium 纳什均衡

6. dominant strategy 支配性策略 7. dominated strategy 非支配性策略 8. optimal result 最优化结果

9. strategic interdependence 策略性相互作用 Part Three

Content questions:

?Why is it crucial for players to mix their moves in tennis?

2. How to make threats and promises credible in strategic moves?

3. What is brinkmanship strategy in games of conflict? 7. Such cooperative behavior…the breakdown of cooperation. (para.13)

译文：由于合作破裂所导致的长远性损失远比招供而获

得的暂时性得利严重，所以这样的合作行为会在重复进行的博弈中实现。

out-: in a way that surpasses, exceeds, or goes beyond Eg. outlive, outwit, outnumber, outclass, outplay

8. The general principle is that…to forgive others? transgressions. (para. 15)

译文：基本的原则就是威胁和许诺要在符合博弈者利益前提下减少自身未来行动的自由度。通过这样的方式，博弈者可以避免自己违背承诺，或者避免产生对对手越轨的纵容。

9. prescribe: (para. 20)

1) advise or order the use of (esp. a medicine, remedy, etc.) Eg. Ask the doctor to prescribe something for that cough. The doctor prescribed a holiday as the best cure for his depression.

2) declare with authority that sth should be done or is a rule to be followed

Eg. Police regulations prescribe that an officer?s number must be clearly visible.

The law prescribes heavy penalties for this offence. Translate the following expressions: 1. breakdown of cooperation 合作破裂

2. tit-for-tat strategy 针锋相对策略 3. mixing moves 混合性策略

4. hit a passing shot cross-court or down the line 打斜线球或底线球 5. renege on a promise 违背承诺

6. monopoly market 垄断性市场

7. strategy of brinkmanship 边缘化策略 8. equilibrium shares 均衡份额

After-class Exercises V. Blank Filling

博弈论的内在一致性及数学基础使其成为相互作用的情境中模拟和设计自动决策过程的一项主要工具。比如，有人想为一拍卖网站制定有效的出价规则，或是购买通讯带宽的自动谈判不受任何干预。对于博弈论在这些方面应用的研究是近期讨论会和期刊论文探讨的话题，但该研究仍处于起步阶段。策略选择的自动化进一步要求所做的决策是有效的并能抵制干扰，而博弈论符合这些要求。作为决策者的一个数学工具，博弈论的优势在于它为策略选择中构建和分析问题提供了方法。形式上将一情景模拟成博弈的过程要求决策者详细列举出所有博弈者和他们的策略选择，并要考虑他们的偏向及反应。在构建这样的模型中受到的训练能使决策者对情景有更为清晰更为明朗的认识，这是博弈论的―指示性‖的应用，其目的是为了改进决策制定。 如果从电子电路角度出发，带宽（Bandwidth）本意指的是电子电

路中存在的一个固有通频带，各类复杂的电子电路无一例外都存在电感、电容或相当功能的储能元件，即使没有采用现成的电感线圈或电容，导线自身就是一个电感，而导线与导线之间、导线与地之间便可以组成电容——这就是通常所说的杂散电容或分布电容；不管是哪种类型的电容、电感，都会对信号起着阻滞作用从而消耗信号能量，严重的话会影响信号品质。这种效应与交流电信号的频率成正比关系，当频率高到一定程度、令信号难以保持稳定时，整个电子电路自然就无法正常工作。为此，电子学上就提出了“带宽”的概念，它指的是电路可以保持稳定工作的频率范围。而属于该体系的有显示器带宽、通讯/网络中的带宽等等。

而第二种带宽的概念大家也许会更熟悉，它所指的其实是数据传输率，譬如内存带宽、总线带宽、网络带宽等等，都是以“字节/秒”为单位。我们不清楚从什么时候起这些数据传输率的概念被称为“带宽”，但因业界与公众都接受了这种说法，代表数据传输率的带宽概念非常流行，尽管它与电子电路中“带宽”的本意相差很远 VI. Cloze

几乎没有社会情景是在一次相互作用中形成的，大多数情景都是长期一系列相互作用的结果。囚徒困境的延续版包含重复的相互作用，而在这些相互作用中合作行为的几率就会增加。

这种囚徒困境情况的逻辑思维说明一个博弈者的策略（合作或背叛）取决于他、她在以前相互作用中的经验，而且这一策略还将影响其对手的未来行为，但结果都是一种互惠关系。如果对手之前表现出合作的意愿，那么博弈者就可能会合作；反之，博弈者不会采取合作行为。博弈者都明白博弈将会重复进行，因此他们都必须考虑自己行为所带来的后果；如果一博弈者的策略总是以牺牲另一博弈者去获取最大利益，那么他的对手将来很可能会报复或不愿意合作。

在计算机模拟试验中，罗博特.爱克索罗德证明重复的囚徒困境中的“取胜”策略是他称之为“针锋相对”的策略。这一策略要求在第一步行动中采取合作行为，在随后的行动中，博弈者采取对手在上一轮中的行为。但是囚徒困境所呈现的矛盾仍没有“正确的”或是最好的解决办法。两人博弈中一轮失利对一博弈者都是灾难性的，而且欺骗的动机总是存在。 Answers for Translation Practice

1.无线网状网的首次应用是在社区接入网中，例如在加州的cerritos社区，采用Tropos Networks 或Garland的设备，由NexGen City建网，所用的专用芯片来自 MeshNetworks。

2.变压器是一种利用互感原理的重要实用装置。

3.在19世纪，潮汐振荡和声重力振荡的理论曾经是饶有兴趣的课题。

4.增加了对成本的极小化的刺激，成本更具透明度。 5.在蜂窝网中布设911系统可以分三个阶段来进行。 6.由于已投入使用的或者处于研发阶段的纳米制品的范围极广，因此确定先测试哪一种材料以及如何进行测试是至关重要的。

7.但是所有的博弈所具有的共同特征就是相互作用。 8.技术发展造成的成本的降低﹑性能的提高以及网络的广泛应用使得建造更大的工程﹑人工智能（智能代理﹑知识库系统﹑数据挖掘及智能过滤等等）将愈加可行。 Suggested Movie after class:

课件2

Unit 2 Medicine

Text A

Making a Little Progress

---Nanotechnology takes on cancer Warm-up Questions:

1. What do you know about medicines or therapies for cancer?

2. Can you give some examples of the application of nanotechnology in our daily lives?

3. What do you know about nanotechnology applied in the medical field?

Background Information Nanotechnology

The science of developing materials at the atomic and molecular level in order to imbue(使带有) them with special electrical and chemical properties. Nanotechnology, which deals with devices typically less than 100 nanometers in size, is making a significant contribution to the fields of computer storage, semiconductors, biotechnology, manufacturing and energy.

In the future, amazing nanotech-based products are expected, including extraordinarily tiny computers that are very powerful, building materials that withstand earthquakes, advanced systems for drug delivery as well as the elimination of invasive surgery, because repairs can be made from within the body.

纳米是英文namometer的译音，是一个物理学上的度量单位，简写是nm，1纳米是1米的十亿分之一；相当于45个原子排列起来的长度。通俗一点说，相当于万分之一头发丝粗细。就象毫米、微米一样，纳米是一个尺度概念，并没有物理内涵。纳米技术，是指在0.1~100纳米的尺度里，研究电子、原子和分子内的运动规律和特性的一项崭新技术。科学家们在研究物质构成的过程中，发现在纳米尺度下隔离出来的几个、几十个可数原子或分子，显著地表现出许多新的特性，而利用这些特性制造具有特定功能设备的技术，就称为纳米技术。 纳米技术是一门交叉性很强的综合学科，研究的内容涉及现代科技的广阔领域。纳米科技现在已经包括纳米生物学、纳米电子学、纳米材料学、纳米机械学、纳米化学等学科。

? 纳米技术应用前景十分广阔，经济效益十分巨大，美

国权威机构预测，2010年纳米技术市场估计达到14400亿美元，纳米技术未来的应用将远远超过计算机工业。纳米复合、塑胶、橡胶和纤维的改性，纳米功能涂层材料的设计和应用，将给传统产生和产品注入新的高科技含量。专家指出，纺织、建材、化工、石油、汽车、军

事装备、通讯设备等领域，将免不了一场因纳米而引发的“材料革命”现在我国以纳米材料和纳米技术注册的公司有近100个，建立了10 多条纳米材料和纳米技术的生产线。纳米布料、服装已批量生产，象电脑工作装、无静电服、防紫外线服等纳米服装都已问世。加入纳米技术的新型油漆，不仅耐洗刷性提高了十几倍，而且无毒无害无异味。一张纳米光盘上能存几百部，上千部电影，而一张普通光盘只能存两部电影。纳米技术正在改善着、提高着人们的生活质量。 National Cancer Institute

Established by Congress in 1937, the NCI has the largest budget and staff of the NIH(National Institute of Health) institutes. It leads federal research efforts directed at the prevention, detection, and treatmen of cancer. Text Study

Para.1 The government decided to take an initiative to fight against cancer by means of nanotechnology. Question:

According to the author, why does the government attach so much importance to nanotech solutions to cancer now?

It?s a well-funded sign that…at a standstill.

译：这是一个资金雄厚的标志，也显示出人们对纳米技术治疗癌症的关注程度已上升到最高层的政府层面。在抗击癌症之战几乎陷入停顿之时，它来得正是时候。 new blood: new member, new comer (para. 1)

Eg. We need to bring in some new blood to brighten our image.

The company certainly needs some fresh blood with new ideas.

Para. 2 Nanotechnology holds promise for cancer treatment on account of two main reasons: size and function. Nanotechnology, broadly defined as…size and function. 译：纳米技术，广义上是指在0.1-100纳米（即十亿分之一米）尺度上对装置结构的工程设计技术。这项技术对于癌症的发现和治疗具有广阔前景，原因有二：大小及功能。

Paras. 3-8 Two kinds of nanoparticles –nanocrystals of iron oxide and quantum dots—have been used for cancer detection in tests on mice. Getting a Good look

?Read

paragraphs 3-8 and find out the following

information:

??What nanoparticles are applied in this aspect? ?Who conducted the research?

?How did the researchers carry out the experiment? What are the researchers? findings?

Researchers: 1) Jinwoo Cheon and his group

2) Shuming Nie and his team Research Conducted:

1) made a 9-nm crystals of iron oxide → tacked on an antibody that binds specifically to breast cancer cells →

injected the iron oxide-antibody complexes into the tail veins of mice that had human breast cancer cells implanted in their thighs to test the targeted contrast agents

2) made cadmium selenide quantum dot-probes → decorated with antibodies that bind to prostate cancer cells → targeted the cadmium selenide quantum dot-probes to cancer cells Findings:

1) Unlike the MRI images of mice that received untargeted nanoparticles, the images of animals getting targeted nanoparticles revealed the cancer.

2) The probes revealed the cancer in mice as red blobs. emit: to give out; to make a sound (para. 4)

Eg. Madam Curie found that radium emitted a faint blue light.

The face of the girl turned white and she emitted a low moan.

tack …on: to add sth as an extra item (para. 5) Eg. She tacked a ribbon on to her hat.

It?s a tragic play but with a happy ending tacked on. Nanoparticles with…says Cheon.

译：诸如氧化铁晶体等具有磁性的纳米颗粒比无磁性的颗粒能更快地引导氢质子回到初始的自旋状态。千珍宇说，这种快速回复就能对影象产生象增添了对比度一样的效果。

Targeting the…antibodies.

译: 将量子点靶向不同种类的癌细胞提高了“发现多种肿瘤细胞的可能性”，聂补充道，“这是通过使用代表不同癌症搜寻抗体的多种颜色来实现的”。

Paras. 9-18 Three kinds of nanoparticles –dendrimers, carbon nanotubes and liposomes—have been used in tests for cancer killing. Questions:

1. What?s the most striking effect of using dendrimers for cancer detection and therapy?

2. What?s the most striking effect of using carbon nanotubes for cancer detection and therapy?

3. What?s the normal function of the p53gene? Battle Plans Researchers:

1) James R. Baker Jr. and his team 2) Hongjie Dai and his group

3) Esther Chang and Kathleen Pirollo and their coworkers

Research Conducted:

1) attached the vitamin folic acid to dendrimers → added the chemotherapy drug methotrexate to the folio acid-loaded dendrimers → injected the targeted drug-dendrimer complexes intravenously into mice riddled with human epithelial-cell cancer

2) fastened folic acid molecules to carbon nanotubes → targeted carbon nanotubes to cancer cellse → tested the targeted tubes? lethality on a cancer cell line and a normal cell line → 2 minutes of radiation with a near-infrared laser

3) attached to liposomes an antibody fragment similar to

transferrin→ use liposomes to deliver working p53 Findings:

1) The targeted drug-dendrimer complexes homed in on the cancer cells which improved the drug?s efficacy: The tumors in the mice receiving the targeted therapy grew much more slowly than did those in mice given only methotrexate or an untargeted drug-dendrimer combo.

2) The cancer cells took up folic acid-bearing nanotubes, but the normal cells didn?t. A subsequent 2 minutes of radiation with a near-infrared laser killed only the cancer cells.

3) In mouse studies over almost a decade, a combination therapy of such p53 delivery and radiation treatment eliminated prostate tumors and head-and-neck tumors. The mice died of old age, cancer-free.

riddle…with…:to be full of; to make a lot of holes with sth (para. 11)

Eg. The soccer team produced a disappointing performance riddled with errors.

A gunman riddled the facade of the building with bullets.

home in on: be directed or to move or lead toward a goal (para. 11)

Eg. The torpedo homed in on its target.

The investigators were homing in on the truth. advanced: (para. 18)

1) far along in course or time 2) progressive 3) of high level

Eg. The old man is so optimistic and energetic that we can never imagine him to be a patient with advanced lung cancer.

They have developed an advanced communicatuons system.

She had difficulty learning advanced mathematics. Paras. 19-21 In spite of great progress in cancer nanotechnology, there are still many problems to solve. live up to: to satisfy; to fulfill (para.21)

Eg. He works very hard to live up to his parents? expectations.

Tom?s father had lived up to the promise that the family would go to the amusement park if he had a good performance in the final exam. After-class Exercises Translation Practice (I)

2.密码学 3.公钥 4.私钥 5.数字签名 6.及时成像 7.电子货币 8.源代码

11.哈西值 12.MD5算法 13.SHA-1算法

14.MIME标准 15.Linux系统 16.ActiveX控件 17.Java语言 18.投资回报率 19.IP协议 24.盘尼西林（音译）；青霉素（意译） 25.荷尔蒙（音译）；激素（意译） 28.宿主 29.微机械学 30.镭射（音译）；激光（意译） 课件3

Unit 3 Genetic Engineering Text A