煤矿沉陷区土地可持续利用研究 - 图文

河南理工大学本科毕业设计 摘要

煤炭作为我国最主要的能源之一，在经济发展中发挥了不可或缺的作用。然而，长期传统的粗放型生产经营方式引起许多诸多环境污染和生态破坏问题，并且也已成为影响我国社会、经济和区域可持续发展的综合性制约因素。

煤矿开采引起矿区土地资源浪费、水资源破坏和大气污染。其中开采引起的地面沉陷问题尤为突出，采煤沉陷使我国平原矿区土地大面积积水，土地盐渍化现象严重，区内耕地减少，有效控制和减轻地面沉陷程度是避免开采沉陷环境灾害的基本途径。在分析煤矿区主要环境问题基础上，结合ISO14000环境管理标准，从可持续发展理念出发，提出了以自然-经济-社会复合生态系统理论为基础的矿区生态环境管理体系，为我国煤矿区生态环境管理和可持续发展提供了具体框架，同时也为我国矿业走向国际化与国际煤炭市场接轨提供保障。

关键词:环境工程；煤矿沉陷区；管理；生态环境；可持续发展

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河南理工大学本科毕业设计 ABSTRACT

As our country's main coal energy, one of economic development in play the indispensable role. However, long-term traditional extensive production management way cause much environmental pollution and ecological destruction, and has also become effect on our country's society and economy and the regional sustainable development of comprehensive restricting factors.

Caused by mining coal mining waste of land resources, water damage and atmospheric pollution. One of the ground subsidence caused by mining problems,particularly prominent in our country mining subsidence land area in plain water, soil sailhization is serious, the decrease of cultivated land area, effective control and reduce the ground subsidence rate is to avoid mining subsidence of the basic way to environmental disaster.Based on analysis of the environment problems and IOS14000 environment management standard,the ecology and environment management system is put forward in terms of sustainable development .The management system provides the theory frame for coal mine ecology and environment management ,also offering safeguards for internationalization of coal mine in china.

Keyword: Environmental Engineering; management; manage;ecology environment; sustainable development.

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河南理工大学本科毕业设计 目录

1绪论 .................................................................... 1

1.1 我国煤炭资源需求及开发利用现状 ............................................................................................. 1 1.2 我国矿山开采造成的环境问题 ..................................................................................................... 1 1.3 研究的目的及意义 ......................................................................................................................... 1 1.4 研究方法 ......................................................................................................................................... 2

1.4.1 引用绿色开采技术，保护矿区生态环境 ......................................................................... 2 1.4.2 引用可持续发展，造福子孙后代 ..................................................................................... 2

2 煤矿开采对土地的影响 .................................................... 3

2.1 对岩层的破坏 ................................................................................................................................. 3 2.2 对地表的破坏及研究 ..................................................................................................................... 3

2.2.1 地表移动盆地 ..................................................................................................................... 4 2.2.2 稳定后主断面内移动和变形分布规律 ............................................................................. 5 2.2.3 地表动态移动形规律 ......................................................................................................... 8 2.2.4 地表破坏规律 ................................................................................................................... 10

3煤矿“三废”及其对土地的影响 ........................................... 11

3.1 土壤污染 ....................................................................................................................................... 11 3.2 土壤的自净 ................................................................................................................................... 11 3.3 煤矿“三废”类型 ....................................................................................................................... 11

4土地可持续利用研究，提出绿色开采 ....................................... 12

4.1 绿色开采理论体系与总体框架 ................................................................................................... 12

4.2 绿色开采理论主要技术现状 ....................................................................................................... 12

4.2.1 保水开采 ........................................................................................................................... 12 4.2.2 煤与瓦斯共采技术 ........................................................................................................... 13 4.2.3 充填开采技术 ................................................................................................................... 13 4.2.4 煤巷支护 ........................................................................................................................... 14 4.2.5 煤炭地下气化技术 ........................................................................................................... 14 4.2.6 煤巷支护与矸石处理 ....................................................................................................... 15 4.2.7 条带开采 ........................................................................................................................... 15

5 土地破坏对策探讨—土地复垦 ............................................. 18

5.1 国内外矿区土地复垦研究现状 ................................................................................................... 18 5.2 充填复垦工程 ............................................................................................................................... 18

5.2.1煤矸石充填工程复垦模式 ................................................................................................ 18

5.2.2粉煤灰充填工程复垦模式 ................................................................................................ 18 5.3 非充填复垦工程 ........................................................................................................................... 19

5.3.1直接利用法 ........................................................................................................................ 19 5.3.2 修复法 ............................................................................................................................... 19 5.3.3 疏排法 ............................................................................................................................... 20 5.3.4 挖深垫浅法 ....................................................................................................................... 21 5.4 生态工程复垦 ............................................................................................................................... 21

6 根据毛则渠矿的具体情况进行实地分析 ..................................... 22

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河南理工大学本科毕业设计 6.1 矿山地理位置 ............................................................................................................................... 22 6.2 矿区沉陷区的损害程度及影响 ................................................................................................... 23

6.2.1 对土地资源影响和破坏严重区（A） ............................................................................. 23 6.2.2 对土地资源影响和破坏较严重区（B） ......................................................................... 24 6.2.3 对土地资源影响和破坏较轻区（C） ............................................................................. 25 6.3 沉陷区地质破坏及影响 ............................................................................................................... 25

6.3.1 地质环境影响和破坏程度严重区（A） ......................................................................... 25 6.3.2 地质环境影响和破坏程度较严重区（B） ..................................................................... 26 6.4 矿山地质环境保护与治理恢复工程 ........................................................................................... 28

6.4.1 搬迁避让 ........................................................................................................................... 28 6.4.3 滑坡勘查工程 ................................................................................................................... 29 6.4.4 滑坡防治工程 ................................................................................................................... 29 6.4.5 房屋修建 ........................................................................................................................... 29 6.5 地形地貌景观破坏防治 ............................................................................................................... 29 6.6 矿山地质环境监测工程 ............................................................................................................... 30

6.6.1 房屋裂缝监测 ................................................................................................................... 30 6.6.2 滑坡监测 ........................................................................................................................... 30 6.6.3 含水层破坏的监测 ........................................................................................................... 30 6.6.4 地裂缝的监测 ................................................................................................................... 30

结论 ..................................................................... 31 致谢 ..................................................................... 32 参考文献 ................................................................. 33

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