江苏省前黄中学、姜堰中学、溧阳中学三校2018届高三名校联考卷英语试题

( )52. A. commissions B. frictions C. actions D. innovations ( )53. A. distributing B. indicating C. advocating D. consenting ( )54. A. march B. crush C. justice D. arrest

( )55. A. stand out B. reach out C. work out D. pull out 第三部分 阅读理解(共15小题；每小题2分，满分30分)

请认真阅读下列短文，从短文后各题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。

A

Hair Loss (Alopecia)

Information about male pattern baldness(秃顶) causes, triggers and treatment in the UK

In contrary to popular belief, hair loss—or alopecia—can start at any age. Whilst it is associated with mature males, and statistics show it does mainly affect men above 40, the reality is you can notice symptoms in your 30s, or even 20s and teen years. The NHS statistics state that 25% of men start losing their hair by the time they reach 30. The most common form of hair loss is male pattern baldness—also known as androgenic alopecia—that affects more than half of men around the world.

One option many men seek is treatment to avoid further hair loss, especially early on in the process. With treatments, such as Propecia, that specifically target male pattern baldness, it is possible to stop hair loss completely and even encourage fresh new hair growth.

What is alopecia?

Alopecia is the medical term for hair loss. Most commonly affecting males, hair loss in men is caused by an increased sensitivity to the male sex hormones (androgens). The type of alopecia you have (as well as hereditary and external factors) can influence levels of hair loss. The most common type of hair loss (alopecia) is male and female pattern baldness. Other types include：

* Alopecia areata (patches of baldness, usually on the scalp) * Scarring alopecia (hair loss directly affecting the hair follicles)

* Telogen effluvium (hair thinning over a larger area on the top of the head, rather than bald patches)

* Anagen effluvium(most commonly caused by cancer treatments such as chemotherapy and

radiotherapy)

( )56. Which of the following statements is FALSE about Propecia? A. It can stop hair loss almost in all cases.

B. People can buy it online without doctor visit. C. It encourages new hair growth in rare cases. D. it is especially effective on male pattern baldness.

( )57. The next part of the webpage is most likely to be about ________． A. hair loss causes B. hair loss symptoms C. preventing hair loss D. treating hair loss

B

Children exposed to “safe” levels of air pollution in the womb(子宫) develop brain damage that damages their concentration, a study has shown.

The research is the first too link common pollutants such as nitrogen(氮) dioxide and soot(油烟) to changes in the brains of unborn babies that mean they may struggle to focus at school in later life. The findings suggest that even comparatively clean city air could lead to worse academic performance and an increased risk of mental health problems such as addition or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder(缺陷多动障碍).

In recent years scientists have found that children who grow up surrounded by air pollution are more likely to have a broad range of “neuro(神经)-developmental” difficulties, including

autism and various kinds of cognitive(认知) damage. However, only a handful of studies have looked at the ways in which the poisonous gases and microscopic particles(微粒) that mothers and young children take in affect the brain during critical stages of its growth.

A group led by Monica Guxens, of the Barcelona Institute for Global Health, found that exposure to air pollution before birth appeared to have slowed the development of several brain regions that play an important role in people's capacity for self-denial and sustained effort. This

lack of inhibition could in turn cause “cognitive delays” when the children get older, the scientists argue in Biological Psychiatry.

“We need this function in our daily life，” Dr. Guxens said. “It controls our impulses(冲动) and our selective attention. Children need it to learn and for making decisions in later life. We're interested to see what will happen: is there going to be an impact on their academic work, are there going to be clinical implications? It might be that this will lead to problems later.”

The results were drawn from MRI scans of 873 children between the ages of six and ten in Rotterdam. Even though 99.5 percent of their mothers had lived with nanoparticle pollution levels well below EU legal limits while they were pregnant the pollution still appeared to have taken its toll(伤亡人数).

Children who had been exposed to more pollution in the womb did worse on a test of their ability to block out irrelevant stimuli(刺激). They also had thinner outer layers in the precuneus(楔前叶) and the rostral middle frontal regions of their brains, both of which are involved in cognitive inhibition, which refers to the mind's ability to tune out stimuli that are irrelevant to the task at hand or to the mind's current state.

Experiments on animals show that so-called fine particles are able to pass through the

placenta and affect the brain of the fetus(胎儿). Dr Guxens said there were probably no such thing as a safe concentration of air pollution.

( )58. What is the main idea of the passage?

A. Children's brain growth slowed by “safe” pollution. B. The safe level of air pollution for pregnant women.

C. Factors leading to children's poor academic performance. D. The problems children have when surrounded by pollution.

( )59. What does the underlined word “it” in Paragraph 5 probably refer to? A. Academic work. B. The lack of inhibition. C. Selective attention. D. The ability for self-dial and sustained effort.

( )60. From the last three paragraphs we can infer ________． A. air pollution has claimed many lives of kids B. people can't focus on air pollution enough

C. the majority of pregnant women are free from air pollution

D. kids exposed to more pollution have poorer cognitive inhibition

C

Prosocial behaviors are those intended to help other people. Behaviors that can be described as prosocial include feeling empathy(同感) and concern for others and behaving in ways to help or benefit other people.

Prosocial behavior has long posed a challenge to social scientists seeking to understand why people engage in helping behaviors that are beneficial to others, but costly to the individual performing the action. Why would people do something that benefits someone else but offers no immediate benefit to the doer?

Psychologists suggest that there are a number of reasons why people engage in prosocial behavior. In many cases, such behaviors are fostered during childhood and adolescence as adults encourage children to share, act kindly, and help others. Prosocial behaviors are often seen as being compelled by a number of factors including egoistic reasons (doing things to improve one's self-image), reciprocal benefits (doing something nice for someone so that they may one day return the favor), and more altruistic reasons (performing actions purely out of empathy for another individual).

Characteristics of the situation can also have a powerful impact on whether or not people engage in prosocial actions. The bystander effect is one of the most notable examples of how the situation can impact helping behaviors. The bystander effect refers to the tendency for people to become less likely to assist a person in distress when there are a number of other people also present. For example, if you drop your purse and several items fall out on the ground, the likelihood that someone will stop and help you decreases if there are many other people present. This same sort of thing can happen in cases where someone is in serious danger, such as when someone is involved in a car accident. In some cases, witnesses might assume that since there are so many other present, someone else will have surely already called for help.

Why do people help in some situations but not in others? Experts have discovered a number of different situational variables that contribute to (and sometimes interfere with) prosocial behaviors. First, the more people that are present decreases the amount of personal responsibility people feel in a situation. People also tend to look to others for how to respond in such situations, particularly if the event contains some level of ambiguity. Fear of being judged by other members of the group also plays a role. People sometimes fear leaping to assistance, only to discover that their help was unwanted or unwarranted. In order to avoid being judged by other

bystanders, people simply take no action.

Experts have suggested that some key things must happen in order for a person to take action. ( )61. Prosocial behaviors are motivated for all the following reasons EXCEPT ________.

A. empathy for another individual B. instant benefits of helping others C. parental influences in the early life D. the desire to better one's self-image

( )62. What does the underlined word “distress” in the fourth paragraph mean? A. peace B. despair C. comfort D. trouble

( )63. Which situation can be described as the bystander effect?

A. When hearing an injured lady crying for help, the neighbors didn't take action. B. Seeing an old man slipping on the icy road, many people volunteered to help. C. A woman was to give birth on the train and you were the only doctor there. D. On the scene of your colleague's traffic accident, you called the police for help ( )64. After the last paragraph, the most possible topic could be ________.

A. possible benefits of prosocial behavior B. various reasons for prosocial behavior C. situational influences on prosocial behavior D. skills and knowledge to provide assistance

D

The strand bookstore is a New York Institution, and Fred Bass was a part of it almost from the moment he was born until the day he died. Every day, dozens of sellers arrive armed with piles of books, and every day thousands of buyers browse through the 18 miles of shelving, squeezing through narrow, dark aisles towered over by high, cramped shelves.

Film studios wanting a line of books for a backdrop rent them from the Strand by the foot; interior designers looking for books with the same color spine will order a job lot; and hosts wishing to impress dinner guests will order the latest tomes(巨著) to replace on their coffee tables. Some even might be read.

“You never know what someone is going to walk in with，” Bass told The Villager magazine in 2010, adding that there was nothing he loved more than the “treasure hunt”. Many books came from critics keen to add to their income by offloading review copies. Others came from large estates, fellow bookshops and even publishers quietly offloading surplus(过剩的) stock. One visitor spoke of Bass as a character who could have come from a book. “I remember sensing in Bass, beyond a slightly gruff look, a man of great passion, a man who knew the innumerable and shifting current of the book trade the way that an old sailor knows the changeable sea，” wrote Tom Vanderbilt in the New York Review of Books.

Bass himself took a kind, almost paternalistic(家长式的) approach to the business. Some employees remained with him for decades. When Greg Farr, a dissatisfied member of staff, published a novel that was critical of the store's management and the unions he still had his job, furthermore, the Strand sold his book.

Fred Bass was born in Manhattan in 1928, the year after his father, Benjamin, a Lithuanian immigrant, founded the Strand bookstore on Fourth Avenue, which was then known as “Book Row”. His mother, Shirley, a Polish immigrant, died from cancer when Fred was six. His father remarried, to Esther, a bookkeeper who was involved in various civil rights causes.

As a child young Fred swept the floors and by 13 he was working behind the counter on Saturdays. He recalled going on buying trips with his father and hauling back bundles of books