第一章 名词

1. 名词作定语时，往往用其单数形式。例如：

A tooth brush 牙刷student activities学生活动a stamp collection 集邮 an ash tray 烟灰缸the word order词序science policy科学政策 2. 在现代英语中，复数名词作名词修饰语的现象逐渐增多。例如：

An arts degree文科学位 a customs officer 海关官员 systems engineering系统工程 a sports car比赛用的汽车 an honours student 优等生a goods train货车 a savings account 储蓄账户sales volume 销售量 a wages policy 工资政策materials science材料学 a communications satellite通讯卫星

3. 与数词连用的复数名词词组用作复合形容词时要用单数。例如：

The 8th five-year plan 第八个五年计划A five-pound note一张五英镑的钞票 A ten-storey building 一幢十层大楼 A 10000-ton cruiser 一艘万吨巡洋舰 4. 以-ics为结尾的单数名词作定语是，其形式不变。例如：

An economics degree 经济学学位electronics industry电子工程 a mathematics professor教学教授

第五节名词的性

一、概述

性（Gender）是表示性别的语法范畴。在许多欧洲语言中，失误的名称都有性的区别，并通过曲折变化表示性的区别，尽管这种性通常与性别无关。但在现代英语中，语法上的性和名词没有多大关系，它主要关系到人称代词，其区别体现在he，she，it上；并且涉及到关系代词，其区别体现在who和which上；而前面的限定词是不以性的不同而改变的。

二、英语名词的性的表示法

1.有些名词本身就表明了阴阳性特征，但是数量很少，它们完全体现了自然界生物体的性别差异概念。例如：

阳性阴性阳性阴性

Man woman father mother Husband wfe grandfather grandmother Son daughter brother sister Boy girl nephew（侄子） niece（侄女） Bridegroom bride gentleman lady Widower（寡夫）widow(寡妇) uncle aunt King queen sir madam Monk（僧侣）） nun(尼姑) bull cow Cock hen

2.附加词缀法：有些阳性名词可以通过附加一些具有“阴性”词缀来转化成其相应的阴性形式，如-ess等。

Actress(女演员) baroness(男爵夫人) Citizeness(女性市民) goddess(女神)

Governess(家庭女教师) heiress（女继承人）

Hostess（女主人） lioness（雌狮）

Princess（公举） stewardess（空中小姐） 3.复合法：英语中的一些名词可以通过在其前加上一个性属标记词，组成合成词和复合名词。常见的标记词有：boy, girl, man, woman, maid, land, buck, cock, hen, sales, step, male, female, he, she等。例如：

Boyfriend girl friend Man student male student Woman/girl student female student Manservant maidservant Landlord landlady Salesgirl(女销售员)

4.中性名词+性属标记词，-man, -woman性属标记词可以放在一些中性名词后构成合成词。例如：

Chairman chairwoman Congressman（国会议员） congresswoman（国会女议员）

Policeman(男警察) policewoman Postman postwoman Salesman saleswoman Spokesman spokeswoman 注：由于以-man，-woman性属标记词构成的复合词带有性别歧视色彩，近几十年来这些词使用频率逐渐呈下降趋势，而被由-person等中性名词组成的复合词所取代。如chairman，chairwoman被chairperson所取代，spokesman，spokeswoman被spokeperson所取代。

My accountant said he was moving his office.我的会计师说他将搬迁办公室。（由he得知accountant是男性）

The student was dozing in class when the teacher called her name.老师喊她名字时，那个学生上课还在打瞌睡。（由her得知the student 是女生）

但是，对于表示人名的专有名词，如果不能确定是用he或she来指代，就必须查明是男子名还是女子名。

一般说来，代词的性属特征应与其所指代的名词保持一致，不论名词指代的事人还是物还是抽象概念。

一般而言，阳性代词he，his，him用来指代阳性名词，反之，阴性代词she，her用来指代阴性名词，it用来指代中性和通性表示概念的单数名词。对于名词复数而言，通性代词they可以指代任何性属的名词。以下分别加以说明：

1、 当先行项为泛指的单数通性名词，即泛指一般的人，一般的医生、病人、教师、学生等，通常可用阳性人称代词he来指代，在正式语体中也可用he or she 来指代。例如：

If a student wants more information about the subject, he or she should apply in writing.如有学生想要得到有关这个题目的更多资料，他或她应提出书面申请。

有人指出，这种用法现在已不甚受人欢迎。为了避免采用这种结构，人们倾向于用复数。例如：

Students who want more information about the subject should apply in writing.想要得到有关这个题目的更多资料的学生应提出书面申请。

2、 当先行项为somebody，nobody，everybody，everyone等合成词时，习惯上可用人称代词的复数形式。例如：

Everyone applauded loudly as they liked the President’s speech. 人们热烈鼓掌，因为他们非常喜欢总统的讲话。

Every person has rights under the law ,but they don’t always know them. 每个人都有法律权利，但他们未必一定知道。

3、 指代车、船、飞机等无生命物，代词通常用it/its，但如果说话人带着亲切口吻称呼他们，可用She/her。例如：

The tragic sinking of this great liner will always be remembered. 4.指代太阳、月亮、地球等无生命以及指代某些抽象概念，通常用it/its，但如果说话人带有感情色彩或者把无识之物拟人化也可以用阳性或者阴性代词。Sun，war等常作阳性，而moon，earth，history等则常作阴性。例如：

The sun was shining in all his splendid beauty. 太阳光辉灿烂地照耀着。

The wind sang her mournful song through the falling leaves, 这风在落叶中唱出了她的哀歌。

5.有一些可用于雌雄两性的动物名称如bird，cat，deer，hare，fish，duck，dog，fox，horse等，指代词通常用it/its，但如果说话人带着感情色彩称呼爱畜或者把动物拟人化，则指代词可以用he/his。例如：

I’ve a lovely cat.She is my favorite.

我有一只可爱的猫，她是我的宠物。

The dog waved his tail when he saw his master. 那只狗看到主人就摇尾巴。

-The cuckoo lays her eggs in other bird’s nests.

杜鹃鸟把蛋下在别的鸟窝里。

6.有些通性名词，如baby，infant，child等，当说话者不清楚或无须知道说话对象的性别的时候，可以用it/its来表示。例如：

It’s a lovely baby. Is it a boy or girl? 宝宝真可爱，是男孩还是女孩。 The child lost its way.这孩子迷路了。

The baby next door kept me awake. It cried all night. 隔壁孩子吵得我睡不着觉。他整夜哭个没完。 7.对于国名，如仅看做地理名词，指代词用it/its。但若视为政治或者经济实体，则指代词用she/her。例如：

China is one of the largest countries in thworld .It lies in East Asia.中国是世界上最大的国家之一，他位于东亚。 -China is my motherland. She’s getting more and more beautiful.中国是我的祖国。她正变得越来越美丽。

-In 1941 America played her role as a world power, 1941年美国扮演了世界强国角色。 Exercise 1

1.Although the town has been attacked by the storm several times, _____was done.

A) A few damages B) few damages C) a little damage D) little damage 2.Harry will be able to begin soon. He has all ________ he needs now.

A) the equipment B) equipment C) the equipments D) of equipment 3.That definition leaves ___________ for improvement.

A) much room B) great deal room C) a small room D) not so a big room

4.Her house is within _______ from the police station.

A) a stone’s throw B) great deal room C) a small room D) not so a big room

5.Nearly every aspect of economic life is affected by _________.

A) this season variations B) that seasonal variations C) seasonal variation D) seasonal variations

6._____, photosynthesis is the ultimate source of food for almost all organisms on earth.

A) It is an extremely important process B) An extremely important process, it is C) That an extremely important process as D) An extremely important process

7.The activities of the Tennessee Valley Authority have aided the Tennessee Valley, ________of some 40,000 square miles.

A) an area B) its area C) area D）areas 8.The risk of the financial commission he is taking is ____________. A) greater than the bank B) as greater than the bank’s C) greater than the bank’s D) as greater as the bank’s 9.The sun is some ninety-three ________away from the earth. A) million miles B) millions mile C) millionsmiles D) million mile

10.Could you tell me the ________for Biology 457 and Chemistry 610? A) rooms number B) room’s number C) rooms’ number D) room number

11.It’s wise to think about choosing a _________before leaving school. A) business B) career C) living D) profession 12.If you are paid monthly, rather than weekly, you receive __________. A) revenue B) a reward C) a salary D) wages

13.If you don’t know the language, you may have to use _________language. A) hand B) gesture C) staff D) stuff 14.All the members of a respected ___________.

A) personnels B) personnel C)staff D)stuff 15.A doctor is a member of a respected __________.

A) occupation B)profession C) trade D)work 16.At the interview for the job, he gave ________of himself. A) a good opinion B) a good account

C) a good idea D) a good appearance