大学英语语法知识

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不规则动词变化表

动词原形 过去式 过去分词

动词原形 过去式 过去分词 arise arose arisen awake awoke/awaked awoken/awaked be was/were been bear(生) bore borne, born bear bore borne beat beat beaten become became become begin began began bet bet, betted bet, betted bend bent bent bid bade/bid bidden/bid bind bound bound bite bit bleed bled bitten(偶作bit) blow blew bled break broke blown breed bred broken bring brought bred broadcast broadcast brought build built broadcast burn burnt/burned built burst burst burnt/burned buy bought burst cast cast bought catch caught cast choose chose caught cling clung chosen come came clung cost cost come creep crept cost cut cut crept, deal dealt cut dig dug dealt do did dug draw drew done dream dreamt/dreamed drawn drink drank dreamt/dreamed drive drove drunk dwell dwelt driven eat ate dwelt fall fell eaten feed fed fallen feel felt fed fight fought felt find found fought flee fled found fled

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fling flung flung fly flew flown forbid forbade/forbad forbidden forget forgot forgotten forgive forgave forgiven freeze froze frozen get got got give gave given go went gone grind ground ground grow grew grown hang hung/hanged hung/hanged have had had hear heard heard hide hid hid, hidden hit hit hit hold held held hurt hurt hurt keep kept kept kneel knelt/kneeled knelt/kneeled know knew known lay laid laid lead led led lean leant/leaned leant/leaned leap leapt/leaped leapt/leaped learn learnt/learned learnt/learned leave left left lend lent lent let let let lie lay/lied lain/lied light lit/lighted lit/lighted lose lost lost make made made mean meant meant meet met met mistake mistook mistaken overcome overcame overcome pay paid paid put put put read read read ride rode ridden ring rang rung rise rose risen run ran run saw sawed sawn say said said 续上表 动词 原形 see seek sell send set shake shave shed shine shoot show shrink shut sing sink sit sleep slide smell sow speak speed spell spend spill spin spit split spoil spread 过去式 saw sought sold sent set shook shaved shed shone/shined shot showed shrank/shrunk shut sang sank sat slept slid smelt/smelled sowed spoke sped/speeded spelt/spelled spent spilt/spilled spun/span spat split spoilt/spoiled spread 过去分词 seen sought sold sent set shaken shaved/shaven shed shone/shined shot shown shrunk/shrunken shut sung sunk/sunken sat slept slid smelt/smelled sown/sowed spoken sped/speeded spelt/spelled spent spilt/spilled spun spat split spoilt/spoiled spread 动词原形 spring stand steal stick sting stride strike string strive swear sweep swell swim swing take teach tear tell think throw tread understand upset wake wear weave weep win wind write 过去式 sprang stood stole stuck stung strode struck strung strove/strived swore swept swelled swam swung took taught tore told thought threw trod understood upset woke/waked wore wove wept won wound wrote 过去分词 sprung stood stolen stuck stung stridden struck/stricken strung striven/strived sworn swept swollen swum swung taken taught torn told thought thrown trodden/trod understood upset woken/waked worn woven wept won wound written 注：本表只收入了常用的不规则动词，不常用的没有收入。

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第四章 从 句

第一节 概 论

1．复合句由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成。主句是全句的主体，往往可以独立存在；而从句仅是全句的一个句子成分，故不能独立存在。 I forgot to post the letter which I wrote yesterday. We met where the road crossed.

2．从句虽不能单独成句，但它也有主语部分和谓语部分。

3．从句须由一个关联词引导，该关联词通常位于从句句首，有时该关联词可省略。一般情况下，该关联

词不仅起到连接主从句的作用，还要在从句中充当成分。但whether, if一般不在从句中充当成分，that除了在定语从句中充当成分之外，也不在其他从句中充当成分。

4. 各类从句的区分：该从句在主句中充当什么成分，即为什么从句。

5．由于主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句在句中的功用相当于名词，故这三种从句又统称为名词性从句。

名词性从句所用的关联词大抵相同，而且其前一般不用逗号。

第二节 主语从句

1．由连接代词(who, whom, whose, what, which)或连接副词(when, where, why, how)或whether（or not）引起的主语从句

1) 此类从句可以直接用在句首作主语，也可以放到句子后部去，前面用it作形式主语。 When they will come hasn’t been made public. Who will chair the meeting is not decided.

When we shall have our sports meet is still a question. ( It is still a question when we shall ….) Whether he will join us won’t make too much difference. ◆ if 不能引起主语从句。 2) if和whether

① if和whether在作动词宾语的从句中，可互换使用。一般在文语中用whether, 口语中用if。 I wonder whether/if you’ve got any letters for me. I don’t know if she’s coming. ② 当提出两种选择时，whether更常用，特别在正式文体中。 Let me know whether/if you can come or not.

The directors have not decided whether they will recommend a dividend or hold over the profits. ③ 在句首不用if 而用whether。

Whether we can stay with my mother is another matter. Whether he is single I don't know. ④ 与to不定式连用时，用whether。

She doesn’t know whether to get married now or wait. She didn’t know whether to go or to stay. ⑤ 在介词后用whether.

I haven’t settled the question of whether I’ll go back home.

2. 由连词 that 引起的主语从句

1）that只起连接主句和从句的作用，在从句中不作成分。

2) 此类从句在大多数情况下都放到句子后部去，而用代词it 作形式主语。偶尔也可以不用it，而直接把从句放在句首作主语，以给主语更多的强调或使句子前后平衡。 It is possible that I may not be able to come.

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It doesn’t seem likely that she will be here.

It occurred to him that he had forgotten to take his notebook with him. That we need more equipment is quite obvious. That he will refuse the offer is unlikely.

That theory must go hand in hand with practice is what we should always keep in mind. 3）若用it作形式主语，引起主语从句的连词that 在口语中可以省略。 It’s a pity you missed such a fine talk. It’s good you’re so considerate.

3. 由what, whatever, whoever 引起的主语从句

1）what, whatever, whoever

在结构上相当于一个名词加一个定语从句，表示“…所…的（东西）”、“所…的一切”、“一切…的人”。 What they are after is profit. What you need is more practice. What she was afraid of was their taking her daughter abroad. Whatever was said here must be kept secret. Whatever she did was right. Whoever fails to see this will make a big mistake. Whoever wants it may have it.

2）whoever, whatever除了可引起主语从句之外，还可引起让步状语从句，表达的意思是“不管是什么人/事情，都没有什么关系，都没有多大区别”。此时，相当于no matter who/what.

Whatever happens/ may happen, don’t be surprised. Whatever she does is ridiculous. Whoever walks around in such a heavy rain will catch a cold. Whoever says/may say so, it is wrong. ◆ whichever, whenever, wherever, however等都可引起让步状语从句，相当于no matter which/when/where/how.

Whichever road you may take, it will lead you to the station. Wherever he hides, I will find him out.

The quality will be the same, whichever of them you may choose. Whenever you may call, you’ll find her sitting by the window. However hot it is, he will not take off his coat. You cannot catch up with a car, however fast you run.

第三节 宾语从句

1．由连接代词(who, whom, whose, what, which)或连接副词(when, where, why, how)或whether, if引起的宾语从句

1）连接代词或连接副词只是在某些动词后能用作宾语。常见的这类动词有：see, say, tell, ask, answer, know, decide, find out, imagine, suggest, doubt, wonder, show, discover, discuss, understand, inform, advise 等。 I just can’t imagine how he could have done such a thing. I don’t know who wants what. Let’s see how we can raise our efficiency. We must find out who did all this. I don’t know whether these figures are accurate. I’m wondering if the letter is overweight.

2）有时，这种从句前面可以有另一个宾语。

Has she informed you when they are to hold the meeting? Please advise me which book I should read first. 3）有时，这种从句也可以作介词的宾语。

Whether that is a good solution depends on how you look at it. He was not conscious of what an important discovery he had made. 4）偶尔我们可以用it代替这种从句，而把从句移到句子后部去。 I put it to you whether that’s the best solution to the problem. I leave it to your own judgement whether you should do it.

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