笔译考试资料汇总

14 terms

Sociosemiotic approach 社会符号学 翻译法

Social semiotics is primarily concerned with human semiosis as an inherently social phenomenon in its sources, functions, contexts, and effects. It is also concerned with the social meanings constructed through the full range of semiotic forms, through semiotic texts and semiotic practices, in all kinds of human society at all periods of human history. Three meanings

1. 言内意义Linguistic meaning

Linguistic meaning is built on the relationship of the sign with each other in the same system，in which elements are arranged according to certain rules. e.g. （1）Sound level:寻寻觅觅，冷冷清清，凄凄惨惨戚戚。 I look for what I miss, I know not what it is, I feel so bad so drear,

So lonely without cheer. (By Xu Yuanchong) （2） Lexical level

我非常喜欢看晚报 。I like to read evening newspapers very much. 2. 指称意义Referential meaning

Referential meaning is built on the relationship of the sign with its referent. e.g. Hyponymy

农业是国民经济的基础。 农林牧副渔

农业in the first sentence should be translated into “agriculture” because it is a superordinate term while the second Nong(ye) should be rendered into “farming “ because it is a hyponym.

3. 语用意义Pragmatic meaning is built on the relationship of the sign and its interpretant.

Pragmatic meaning in translation is discussed in three aspects: 1) associate meaning

2) affective meaning 3) intended meaning

e.g. The associate meaning of “bottoms up” may be “the buttocks up”(屁股朝天).An appropriate translation is “cheers”. Affective meaning: peasant 乡巴佬

Intended meaning: Actually, he is your new boss. (warning) 说话慎重点，他可是你的新老板。 Three functions

1. 概念功能The ideational function

The ideational function represents the speaker’s meaning potential as an observer. It is the content function of language, language as “about something?. e.g. John built a new house. 约翰建了个新房子。 2. 人际功能The interpersonal function

The interpersonal function represents the speaker’s meaning potential as an intruder. It is the participatory function of language, language as doing something. e.g. No smoking! 请勿吸烟! 3. 语篇功能The textual function

The textual function represents the speaker’s text—forming potential; it is that which makes language relevant. This is the component which provides the texture. e.g. Barbara teaches English in a high school in Washington D, C, the capital of the United States. She had wanted to become a teacher when she was young. She has taught eight years now and always enjoyed her work.

巴巴拉在美国首都的一所中学教英语。她年轻时代就想成为一名教师，（她）至今已从教八年，并非常热爱自己的工作。 Three situation types 1. 语场Field

Field of discourse is the linguistic reflection of the purposive role of the language user in the situation in which a text has occurred.

e.g. In hospitals, doctors all know W.B.C and R.B.C, which stand for white blood cell(白血球) and red blood cell(红血球).People in the other profession might not be

familiar with them. 2. 语旨Tenor

Tenor of discourse is the set of role relationships between the relevant participants. e.g. Goodbye, Mom. 妈妈，再见。 3.语式Mode

Mode of discourse is the linguistic reflection of the relationship the language user has to the medium of transmission. Language is either spoken or written.

e.g. 幼时同胞，苏京把晤，往事历历在目。This sentence is translated into English as “From our childhood relationship to our chats in the Soviet capital, everything in the past is still alive in my memory.” The translator had used the written English structure for the mode. 4个汉英词义关系

1. 相符Correspondence means that the meanings of the SL and TL are in general agreement with each other. e.g. 好票good seats

2. 包孕Inclusion means that the meaning of a TL word is included in a SL word. e.g. 汉语“汽车”可指小汽车、公共汽车、卡车、面包车、出租车等各类车，但英语automobile（汽车）只指motor-car，即小汽车，其余各类车辆需分别由bus、truck、minibus及taxi表示。

3. 交叉Intersection means that the meanings of both SL and TL words share something in common but still remain more or less different.

e.g. works：1) 著作；2) 工厂 工厂：1) works；2) plant 3）plant：1) 工厂；2) 植物 植物：1) plant；2) vegetable 4）vegetable：1) 植物；2) 蔬菜

4. 空缺Zero means that an English word or expression may expresses a concept which is totally absent in the Chinese culture, or vice versa.

e.g. 三八红旗手：March 8 red flaggers (an honorific title who have made extraordinary achievements and outstanding contributions on the various front of socialist construction)

Translation Sample (改错)

八达岭长城

北京八达岭长城位于北京延庆县，距市区60公里。它是中国现存长城中保护最好、最有代表性、最典型的一段，也是明代长城的精华。八达岭长城以瓮城为中心，南至好汉坡最高点，北到十二楼，全长近5000米，可供游览的城墙3700多米，还有近2000米的夜长城景观。景区内还有与长城景观配套的长城博物馆、全周影院等。八达岭长城迄今已接待过300多位外国首脑，其中包括尼克松、里根、伊丽莎白二世、明仁天皇、曼德拉、叶利钦等。

旅游信息

交通路线：在德胜门外乘919路公共汽车可直达

驾车可从马甸桥上八达岭高速路直达

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