英语语法11

图(22) 所示：

The Preposition Form Usage

Lexical Meaning Collocation Set Phrase (dimension)

dimensionless

two dimensional three dimensional

noun adjective adverb

Diagram (29)

介词的形态 Form

介词是封闭词，但数目似乎无法确定。从形态上认识，介词有三类：1. 单词介词；2. 双词介词；3. 多词介词。

单词介词: as, at, but, by, down, for, from, in, like, near, of, on, out,

past, per, round, since, than, through, till to, up, via, with; about, above, across, after, against, along, amid, among, around, before, behind, below, beneath, beside, besides, between, beyond, despite, during, except, inside, into, notwithstanding, off, onto, opposite, outside, over, pending, throughout, towards, under, underneath, unlike, until, upon, within, without

双词介词: as for, apart from, away from, ahead of, instead of,

outside of, according to, close to, due to next to, owing to, prior to, up to, but for, because of, inside of, out of, regardless of, thanks to, etc.

多词介词: in aid of, in behalf of, in case of, in favor of, in charge of,

in front of, in light of, in need of, in spite of, in search of, in view of, in place of, in quest of, in lieu of, in accordance with, in common with, in comparison with, in line with, in compliance with, in contact with, by means of, by way of, on account of, on behalf of, on the part of, on top of, as far as, at the expense of, for the sake of, in exchange for, in addition to, with regard to, in respect to, in return for, in relation to, etc.

正是多词介词的认定使人们无法对这一此类完成定量：on the top of是多词介词吗？in the front of呢？on the shelf of呢？

介词的用法

介词的学习可理解为三个部分：词义、搭配和习语。 12.3.1 词义

介词众多且一词多义的情形非常普遍，介词的知识掌握不易是不争的事实，但学者们注意到，从维度意义和动静意义把握介词指示的各种关系可以大大提高学习效率。 12.3.1a

at 无维度概念，静态动态均可。静态指示点状空间，指示点状时间，表达其它意义时指示速度、价格、水平或高度这样零维度的概念：

There is a flag at each corner of the football field. The plane set off at ten minutes past ten.

The train was running at a fantastic speed through the forest. I bought 8 pencils at 20cents each.

The water stopped rising at a level of 90 feet.

The jet was flying at the height of 15,000 meters.

其动态的“点状”概念则在让人有冒犯和咄咄逼人的感觉：

She raised her head and looked at me fixedly. Don’t shout at people. It’s rather impolite.

比较：

He threw the ball at me (intending to hit me).

He threw the ball to me (hoping that I would catch it).

He ran at me with a knife (but never reached me).

He ran to me with a knife and kissed me and then ran away as suddenly and quickly as he ran to me. 12.3.1b

on和across二维平面物体有关，前者静态或相对静止而后者动态：

There is a map on the wall.

The boat was floating on the water.

Then they were running across the field towards us. The path cut across the meadow.

across 和静态动词合作时能表达静态意义： There is a bridge across the river.

表达时间时，on 立即让人感觉到时间维度在增加：

We usually met on weekend every week. It happened on the early morning in June.

12.3.1c

in 和through却是三维意义的介词，前者静态，因此在下例中指示水体而不是水面，指示墙体而非墙面，指示虽空间微不足道却长宽高均有的小盒子，准确地表达了足球与三维具备的足球场角的关系：

The boys are swimming in the river. Did you see the nail in the wall?

There is a small piece of cake in the little box. The player has to place the ball in the corner.

表达时间时，其三维意义体现亦很充分： We finished it in a few hours. I was born in 1954.

They all took place in the last century.

through 是三维介词，动态意义，和二维介词across 语用全然不同： The water flowed through the pipe.

He pushed his way through the crowd to the door. Have you read through the book?

They intended, first of all, travel through the forest. 比较：

I saw him walking in a hurry across the street. They built a bridge across the river. 12.3.1d

to 为无维度非点状动态介词，表达方向；onto 和 into 为动态三维介词：

He ran to the room. He then hurried into the room. He walked to the horse.

He jumped onto the horse and ran away swiftly. The swimmer went to the bank.

The swimmer dived into the water again. The minister stepped onto the platform.

inside, out of, outside, inside of, outside of, within and among, amid 均为三维介词，但动、静态意义有不同：

Is there anything special inside your purse? A dog was running out of the house.

Many people were waiting outside the gate.

Passengers are asked not to ride outside of their part of the train. Please stay within shouting distance. I lived then among mountains.

inside of 非正式场合能指示时间，与 in less time than同义：

He will be here inside of an hour. 12.3.1e

Off, upon, beside, by, over, below, under, above, on top of, beneath, underneath, from, away from均为二维介词，也有各自的动静意义：:

Keep off the grass!

The ship was blown off her course. Be careful! You will fall off the tree. Bill’s off drug now.

on top of 与 on 和 upon同义，其相反意义的介词分别为 beneath and underneath:

There is something strange on top of the books. A letter lay beneath the book.

There are mines underneath the town.

over 和 under 是一组二维介词，其对应介词为above 和 below。“垂直”

还是“非垂直”的特征对比可完成它们的区分：

There was a sign over the door. (vertical) They were chatting under the tree. (vertical)

The castle stands on a hill above the valley. (not vertically)

The vulture was looking in all directions below her for victims. (not vertical view)

The doctor was leaning over the body when we got there. *The doctor was leaning above the body when we got there.

以下为修辞性用法：

Her behavior is above praise.

This seems beneath you to complain. 篇幅所限，本书无法对所有介词逐一描写，但我们相信从维度和状态角度认识介词能提高效率，可活跃思维，能踩踏出一条介词语义学习的新径。 . 12.4 搭配

介词和许多名词、形容词和动词有着稳定的搭配关系。不少搭配还表现出一定的规律性，比如：

Here is the key to the door.

Have got the answer to the question? I have received the reply to the letter.

That cannot be the only solution to the problem. I was aware of nothing dangerous. Are you conscious of the implication?

At first the girl seemed suspicious of nobody. 以下只是些许常见搭配例。 12.4a

与名词搭配：

His familiarity with foreign languages is marvelous.

They have arranged some inquiries into the origins of the species. More and more Westerners have faith in herb medicine. He stayed for the night at Mary’s request. To my great surprise, he said yes.

To their great disappointment, the train had gone when they got their. There is a limit to my patience, I warn you. My wife has great passion for music. 12.4b

与形容词词搭配：

I’m not particular about food.

One should not be impatient with the suggestions. Don’t get angry with me, will you?

Few men are independent of the current ideas. She is always attentive to my ideas. Tom is generous with his money.