英语语法11

第十二章 NP VP: 形容词、副词（2）; 介词

12.1

有两种形态的同根副词

英语中有不少副词有两种形态，其中的一种形态与形容词同形。这些副词可分为三类。 12.1.1

第一类中与形容词同形的副词是强化副词（11.21a）： I clean forgot about the letter. The prisoner got clear away. She speaks Chinese pretty well. Go right home immediately!

They arrived at the airport at six o’clock sharp. 另一形态的语义直观，常常表示方式： She placed all the books cleanly in order. Can you see clearly now?

She was prettily dressed today.

It was rightly claimed that this solution was impartial. The novel has been sharply criticizes. 12.1.2

第二类中与形容词同形的副词语义直观，而另一形态的副词为程度副词，完成强化作用，正好与第一类的情形相反：

Those trouble makers have to be closely guarded. I firmly believe that.

They always spoke highly of her. He was deeply loved by all. This is something widely known. I can hardly follow you. 比较：

Would you please stay close together?

Stand firm, will you?

He jumps higher than everyone else in his class. You may go a little bit deeper. Please open wide your mouth. Work harder, will you? 12.1.3

第三类副词的形态选用取决于副词在句中的位置、语境和语义变化等因素： She complained loudly of having been kept waiting. Speak louder, please. Don’t talk so loud/loudly.

The workers decided to go slow.

Drive slowly until the next crossroads. How slowly/slow the time passes!

She stopped dead.

She looked deadly pale. I returned home dead tired. Bill came last.

Lastly, farewell to everyone I owe so much. The Spring Festival is drawing near. It was nearly noon when we got there. Take it easy.

They won’t be so easily satisfied. How can you eat free here? Take your seats freely.

He’s dealt fair and square with me.

The goods are described fairly. (in a manner that is free from dishonesty) 比较 fairly 作为强化副词的情形： I fairly destroyed the machine. He pains fairly well. 12.2.

形容词和副词比较级、最高级的若干问题 12.2.1

“有标记”和“无标记”原级

以下各组形容词的左项可称为无标记的原级形容词：

old-young deep-shallow high-low thick-thin long-short wide-narrow tall-short strong-weak bright-dim heavy-light 之所谓无标记，是因为相对于有标记的右项形容词，它们为中性意义，比较：

How old is he?

How wide is the street? How deep is the hole?

*How narrow is the street? *How shallow is the hole?

How young is John? 这个句子当然成立，但语义语境绝非和How old is he相同。

副词的情形亦如此：

How much did they complain? (not how little)

How often did they pay you a visit? (not how rarely) How quickly did she leave her home? (not how slowly)

12.2.2

比较级和最高级的一些特殊表达

以下各例中并未发生一般意义的比较：

He is more than happy about it. (very) He is more good than bad. (rather than)

She is most beautiful. (she is extremely beautiful)

He was less hurt than frightened. (rather than)

He more than complained: he called my names. (not only) 名词短语中的前位修饰语发生比较级时有两种情形：

I haven’t seen as clever a boy as John for years. I haven’t seen a boy as clever as John for years.

但是名词短语中心词是可数复数或不可数名词时却只有一种表达：

I can only afford to buy books as cheap as this. I can’t drink coffee as bitter as this kind.

Would you please fetch me some milk not as sweet as this? 以下各例中的名词短语中心词也只能是可数单数： He is much of a musician than his brother. He is less of a fool than you thought he was. 在quite强化比较级时也只有一种表达：

I can tell you a story quite as funny as the one you told right now. *I can tell you quite as funny a story as the one you told right now. 12.2.3

省略和倒装

省略和倒装常见于比较：

The cat is far from as faithful to human beings as the dog (is). Tom bought fewer books than the other boys (did).

Do you think a cat understand people’s gestures as does a dog?

Perhaps nobody has contributed more to the education than has Dr Smith. All the students worked as hard as John none of them (worked) as efficiently (as John worked)

但省略有时会产生歧义，于是下例有两种解释：

Jane loves the cat more than Bill.

=Jane loves the cat more than she loves Bill. =Jane loves the cat more than Bill loves the cat. 12.2.4

强化或弱化表达

比较级有丰富的强化或弱化表达形式：

Bill is far more intelligent than his classmates. He arrived even earlier than I expected. The task proved to be much easier.

This piece of furniture seems a little bit less expensive. Bill is nearly as tall as Bob.

Mary hasn’t been quite as fortunate as she pretends. 倍数词在下例中的应用属于此类：

That will be two times less expensive.

Exercises:

1. Translate the following expressions into Chinese（英译中）:

(1) John seems more daring than quick-witted.

(2) It wasn’t so much that I disliked her as that I just wasn’t interested. (3) Peter is no better than Tom.

(4) A whale is no more a fish than a horse is. (5) He drove faster than wise.

2.Choose the correct words to fill in the blanks of the following sentences（选择所给词汇的正确形态）:

(1) He’s very ambitious: he aims _______. (high, highly) (2) I hate arriving ______ . (late, lately)

(3) I’m getting _______ (pretty, prettily) fed up. (4) It serves him _______. (right, rightly)

(5) This is a sentence ______ (direct, directly) quoted from The Scarlet Letter.

(6) Look at the girl! She is dancing so ______. (pretty, prettily)

(7) He promised that I could eat ______ (free, freely) in his restaurant whenever I would like to.

(8) This pen of mine does not write ______. (clean, cleanly)

(9) A man-made river cuts ______ (right, rightly) through the campus.

(10) Don’t work too hard. Just take things ______. (easy, easily)

(11) Then he rushed to the door and opened it ______. (wide, widely)

(12) The story of this kind might be ______ dull even for a child. (dead, deadly) (13)This reference book is what the teacher has _______ (high, highly) recommended.

(14) His friends are _______ (most, mostly) girls. (15) He has traveled ______. (wide, widely)

(16) We went ______ (wrong, wrongly) at the first crossroads when we turned ______ (right rightly). After that we had to drive ______ (slow, slowly) for about half an hour before it dawned upon me that it was not the road we were to take.

(17) Have you heard of Mary ______ (late, lately)?

(18) At the news she was _______ (fair, fairly) beside herself with joy.

(19) It was ______ (sure, surely) ______ (high. highly) unlikely that anything like that would happen again!

(20) I didn’t attend the meeting for I had ______ (clear, clearly) forgot it.

(21) President Lincoln is said to have been ______ (deep, deeply) loved by the American people.

(22) He can jump really _______ (high, high)

介词

大量介词的应用是分析性语言的重要特征；作为分析性语言，英语因缺乏词尾变化自然也有众多的介词，用于指示短语或分句成分之间的意义关系。

我们以为介词学习的困难堪比冠词，我们也认为介词的知识能形成结构，如