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2. 句外指代的翻译

A．对于指代具体某个或几个名词的词，一定要搞清楚他指代的内容，译文中用代词表示不清的就用名词来表达，哪怕是罗嗦一点也一定要多用名词，只有在明显清楚或者找不到合适的名词才用代词。

02 64)They are the possessions of the autonomous (self-governing) man of traditional theory, and they are essential to practices in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements. 词义推敲：

They：指代“freedom and dignity”，译作“自由与尊严”

autonomous (self-governing)：自主行为的；自我管理的；自我约束的。 an autonomous region 自治地区

possession：wealth or property 财富，财产。 be essential to 必不可少的，非常重要的 practices 实践活动

credit：赞同，赞扬对某一行为、能力或质量的赞同；赞扬

译 文： 自由和尊严是传统理论定义的自主人所拥有的，是要求一个人对自己的行为负责并因其业绩而给予肯定的必不可少的前提。

B． 若是代词指代的内容为前面的某个句子，需要总结，则在翻译的时候可以以模糊对模糊，根据具体情况将该代词译为“这种问法，这种说法，这个问题，这种做法?”

0548复合句48) This alone demonstrates that the television business is not an easy world to survive in, a fact underlined by statistics that show that out of eighty European television networks, no less than 50% took a loss in 1989.

参考译文：仅这一点就足以表明，要在电视行业里生存下来并非易事。统计数字尤其说明了这一事实，在80个欧洲电视网中，多达一半在1989年亏损。

十四、宾语从句的翻译方法

1． 2． 3．

宾语从句在句中相当于名词的作用，称之为名词性从句。 引导词“that”不需翻译。

宾语从句译为汉语时，通常不需要改变语序。

2006年Text 4

Many things make people think artists are weird and the weirdest may be this: artists' only job is to explore emotions, and yet they choose to focus on the ones that feel bad.

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结构：宾语从句 ：artists are weird and….

定语从句：that feel bad.

参考译文：许多事情让人们以为艺术家是怪人，而最为怪异的也许是艺术家的唯一工作是探讨各种情感，然而他们却选择把焦点放在让人感觉不快的情感上面。

十五、同位语从句

同位语从句和定语从句的区别：

He heard the bad news that his father passed away yesterday evening. Finally she accepted the bad fact that made her desperate.

9672)This trend began during the Second World War, when several govemments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail.

参考译文：这种趋势始于二次大战期间，当时一些政府得出这样一个结论：一个政府想要对其科研机构提出的具体要求通常是无法详细预见的。

0464复合句(64) Being interested in the relationship of language and thought , Whorf developed the idea that the structure of language determines the structure of habitual thought in a society.

Whorf对语言与思维的关系很感兴趣，他逐渐形成了这样一种（观念/观点）：在一个社会里，语言的结构决定了习惯思维结构。

同位语结构：

0547复合句47) In Europe, as elsewhere, multi-media groups have been increasingly successful: groups which bring together television, radio, newspapers, magazines and publishing houses that work in relation to one another.

multi-media groups：传媒集团，（不可译作“多媒体集团”）； increasingly successful：越来越成功； bring together：把……组合在一起； work in relation to one another：相关的。 参考译文：

和其它地方一样，欧洲的多媒体集团越来越成功：这些集团把相关的电视、

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电台、报纸、杂志、出版社组合在一起。

0075简单句75) Additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport.

additional social stresses 新的(额外的)社会压力 stress：压力

occur：to take place; come about 发生；使发生 population explosion 人口猛增，人口爆炸 arising from 由……引起，产生于，来自于 mass migration movements 大量人口流动 migration 流动，迁移

migration movements 人口流动

themselves：指代“mass migration movements”（人口流动本身） modern means of transport 现代交通工具

参考的译文：由于人口猛增或大量人口流动——现代交通工具使大量人口流动变得相对容易——（所引起的各种问题也/造成的种种问题也）（会对社会造成新的压力/可能产生新的社会压力）。

十六、主语从句

1. 主语从句在句中的作用和名词一样，所以也称之为名词性从句。 2. 主语从句的翻译一般不需要改变语序。

3. 有意义的引导词（如whether，what，how）采取直译的方法，而没有意义的“that”则省略不译。

9574复合句74) In general,the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when is to be measured or predicted can not be well defined.

一般的说，当所要测定的特征能很精确界定时，测试最为有效；而当所要测定或预测的东西不能明确地界定时，测试的效果则最差。

Qualities此处不能理解为 ”质量“因为质量是不可数的，那么应该翻译成”品质，特性或是特质，特点等

参考译文：一般来说，当所要测定的特质能够最为精确地定义时，测试效果最好，；

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当所要测定或者预测的特征不能很好地定义时，测试效果最差。

十七、表语从句

1. 表语从句起到名词作用，因此也称之为名词性从句。 2. 表语从句翻译时语序不变。 3. 引导词“that”无需翻译。

0261复合句61) One difficulty is that almost all of what is called behavioral science continues to trace behavior to states of mind, feelings, traits of character, human nature, and so on.

continues to trace behavior to继续针对……研究行为 behavioral science 行为科学 states of mind 心态，意识状态 feelings 感情

traits of character 性格特点

参考译文：难题之一在于所谓的行为科学几乎全都依然从心态、情感、性格特征、人性等方面去寻找行为的根源。

十八：2006年翻译试题

(46) I shall define him as an individual who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life the activity of thinking in a Socratic (苏格拉底的) way about moral problems.

Elect 选举，推选

Hujintao was elected as the President of the PRC in 2002. 2002年胡锦涛当选为中华人民共和国主席

参考译文：：我将知识分子定义为这样的一种人，他们把以苏格拉底的方式来思考问题作为人生/毕生的主要责任和乐趣。

(47) His function is analogous to that of a judge, who must accept the obligation of revealing in as obvious a manner as possible the course of reasoning which led him to his decision.

1、Analogous adj .类似的, 相似的, 可比拟的 be analogous to 类似于..., 与...相似

2、accept the obligation：接受这个义务，就是有义务。 3、Reveal vt. 展现, 显示, 揭示, 暴露

4、 in as obvious a manner as possible=in a obvious manner. As …as possible

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