《西方文化概论》复习题-1

1. The word \

_excellence of taste 、human knowledge, belief, and behavior 、The set of shared attitudes, values, goals, and practices _.

2. Characteristics of Culture are _based on symbols 、shared、learned、_adaptive_____. 3. The origins of Western culture ——“three pillars” are_ ancient Greece、_the Roman Empire 、Catholic and Protestant Christianity __. 4. Greece is a country in _southeastern_____ Europe. 5. the civilization of ancient Greece(古希腊) is generally considered the cradle （摇篮）of Western civilization.

6. Classical Greek Athenian philosophers are__ Socrates、Plato、_Aristotle_（亚里士多德）__.

7. Principle Figures in Greek mythology are __Gods、Mortals、 Heroes____. 8. The Olympians refers to the __twelve（12）__ major gods and goddesses dwelling on Mount Olympus.

9. Following the Age of Discovery, through _Europe’s expansion（传教士）__ and

___colonization___, Christianity spread to the Americas and the rest of the world.

10. Christianity has played a prominent role in the shaping of Western civilization at

least since the _ 4th ___ century.. 11. God is usually held to have the properties of holiness, justice , omnipotence, omniscience, omnibenevolence, omnipresence and immortality.

12. God is believed to be transcendent, meaning that he is outside space and outside

___time____, and therefore eternal and unable to be changed by earthly forces or anything else within his creation.

13. The account of Adam and Eve is in the Book of __ Genesis____.

14. Adam and Eve disobeyed God by eating the fruit of _ the Tree of the

Knowledge of Good and Evil___, which gave them the ability to judge and know good from evil for themselves.

15. In Christian theology, the death of Jesus on the cross is the __ antidote__ to the

sin of Adam.

16. Christians generally believe that Jesus is God incarnate and \__God__ and true ___man__\

17. According to the Gospels of Matthew and Luke, Jesus was conceived by the __ Holy Spirit __ and born from the __Virgin Mary_. 18. According to the New Testament Jesus was crucified, died a physical death,

buried within a tomb, and rose from the dead ____three ___ days later. 19. ___Jesus Christ__________ is the belief that one can be saved (rescued) from sin

and eternal death.

20. The three principal traditions within Christianity are___ Protestantism___, ___

Roman Catholicism ___ and __ Eastern Orthodoxy___.

21. __ Protestantism__ is associated with the belief that the ____ Bible_________ is

the final source of authority for Christians.

22. _Trinity ___ refers to the teaching that the one God comprises three distinct,

eternally co-existing persons; ___the Father ___, ___the Son ___, and ____the Holy Spirit____.

23. Christianity regards_ the Bible___, a collection of canonical books in two parts: the Old Testament and the New Testament, as authoritative. It is believed by Christians to have been written by __human authors___________under the inspiration of ________Holy Spirit_____, and therefore for many it is held to be the inerrant word of __salvation___________.

24. The Old Testament is about _god and the laws of god _, and the New Testament is about _ the life and teachings of Jesus, the letters of the Apostle Paul and other disciples to the early church and the Book of Revelation_. The Word “Testament” means “_ covenant OR agreement_”.

25. The Torah, or \Five Books___\

____Genesis____, ____Exodus___, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy.

26. The Torah contains the ten ___commandments__, of God, revealed at Mount

___Sinai__. 27. Most Christians believe that human beings experience divine judgment and are

rewarded either with eternal ___ life __or eternal ___damnation___.

28. Christians believe that the second coming of Christ will occur __the Day of Judgment_.

29. In Christianity, _a sacrament_ is the ritual act, with the use of water, by which one is admitted as a full member of the Christian Church.

30. The __Crucifix__ is a cross with a representation of _Jesus'body

salvation____________, or corpus. It is a principal symbol of the Christian religion.

31. _Zeus_ is the god of sky, the supreme god, and the father of both gods and men. 32. _Hera_ is the queen of heaven and of the Olympians, the goddess of marriage and family, the protectress of married women and their legal children.

33. _Poseidon_ is the god of sea, the protector of seamen, and the god of earthquakes and tsunamis.

34. _Hades_ is the god of the underworld._Athena__ is the goddess of war, wisdom and handicraft.

35. _Aphrodite_ is the goddess of love and beauty.

36. _Apollo_____ is the sun god, the god of music, and a god of prophecy. 37. _Artemis_____ is the moon goddess, the goddess of childbirth, of nature, and of the harvest, the goddess of hunting, and the protectress of huntsmen. 38. _hephaestus_____ is the god of fire, the patron god of metal-smiths.

39. _Hermes_____ is the messenger of gods, a messenger god, the god of roads and

door ways, the protector of travelers, and the guide for the dead to Hades. 40. _Hestia_____ is goddess of the hearth, the goddess of home and family, and a guardian of homes.

41. _Dionysus_____ is the god of wine and ecstasy. 42. __The Iliad____, an epic poem by Greek poet Homer, tells the story of the Trojan War.

43. At Olympia, the Olympic Games were celebrated in __zeus___ honor every

fourth year.

44. _Odyssey____ is a story after the Trojan War. Odysseus returned to his faithful wife, Penelope, Agamemnon returned to be murdered by his faithless wife, Clytemnestra, and her lover.

45. The idiom “Pandora’s box” means _the fountainhead of all evils. _ 46. The idiom “Sisyphean task” suggests _everlasting fruitless hard labor_____. 47. “The golden apple” refers to _the things that give rise to conflicts and strife____. 48. “Achilles’s heel” refers to _the only part of the body that remains vulnerable_____. 49. “Trojan horse” means _a trap intended to undermine an enemy, or subversion from inside_____. 50. Jesus Christ's traditional birthday is celebrated as _Christmas Day_____. 51. In Christianity, baptism__ is for the majority the rite of admission (or adoption), almost invariably with the use of water, into the Christian Church generally and also membership of a particular church tradition.

52. _Scouting__ is a worldwide youth movement with the stated aim of supporting young people in their physical, mental and spiritual development, that they may play constructive roles in society.

53. Most wedding ceremonies involve an exchange of wedding __vows_ by the couple, presentation of a gift (offering, ring(s), symbolic item, flowers, money), and a public proclamation of marriage by an authority figure or leader.

54. _The groom’s family_____ will pay the rehearsal feast and other accessories. 55. _The bride’s family_____ will pay the wedding fees. 56. Modern wedding customs and traditions can be dated back to_ the Middle Age_____.

57. Modern _Valentine's Day __symbols include the heart-shaped outline, doves, and the figure of the winged Cupid.

58. _Passover___ celebrates the Exodus, the freedom from slavery of the Children of Israel from ancient Egypt that followed the Ten Plagues.

59. _Easter egg __ is widely used as a symbol of the start of new life, just as new life emerges from an egg when the chick hatches out.

60. _Halloween_is a yearly holiday observed around the world on October 31. 61. _Carnival__ typically involves a public celebration or parade combining some

elements of a circus, mask and public street party. People often dress up or masquerade during the celebrations, which mark an overturning of daily life. 62. Westerners are in such a contradiction that they believe in both the science and_ the God_____. 63. Superstition is a belief in _supernatural __causality: that one event leads to the cause of another without any process in the physical world linking the two events. 64. In western superstitions, _Black Friday, the 13th, Walk under a Ladder, Break a Mirror, Black Cats____ can’t bring good luck.

65. Vampire___ are mythological or folkloric beings who subsist by feeding on the life essence (generally in the form of blood) of living creatures, regardless of whether they are undead or a living person.

66. A good building should satisfy the 3 principles: _Durability, Utility, Beauty_____ 67. Structuralism, a modern intellectual movement that analyses cultural phenomena

according to principles derived from _linguistics_, emphasizing the systematic _interrelationships_ among the elements of any human activity, and thus the abstract codes and conventions governing the social production of meanings. 68. _Deconstruction_ is a term introduced by French philosopher Jacques Derrida in his 1967 book Of Grammatology..

69. Psychoanalysis is a psychological and psychotherapeutic_ theory _ conceived in the late 19th and early 20th centuries by Austrian neurologist _Sigmund Freud_.