英语翻译理论与实践

《英汉翻译理论与实践1》课程讲稿

e.g. With only one day off in a week, working people barely had enough time to arrange

the household.

一周只休息一天（一周只有一天休息），上班族几乎没有足够的时间安排家务。 ．．

II. Converting into Nouns

A. Verbs Converted into Nouns

1. Verbs transformed from nouns（名词转化的动词）

e.g. The design aims at automatic operation, easy regulation, simple maintenance and

high productivity.

设计的目的在于自动操作、调节方便、维护简易、生产率高。 ．．

e.g. To them, he personified the absolute power. 在他们看来，他就是绝对权威的化身。 ．．

2. Passive voice（英语被动句式常可译为受到/遭到/予以/加以＋名词的形式）

e.g. The invasion of another independent country must be stopped. 侵犯另一个独立国家的行为必须予以制止。 ．．．．

B. Adjectives Converted into Nouns

e.g. Crying is considered to be characteristic of woman. 人们认为爱哭是女人的特点。 ．．

e.g. In this fission fragments are very radioactive.

在裂变过程中，裂变碎片具有强烈的放射性。 ．．．**此外，the + adj.往往表示一类人，通常也汉译为名词。 e.g. Do not look down upon the poor. 不要看不起穷人。 ．．

C. Adverbs Converted into Nouns

e.g. Nowadays many people in the society are materially rich but spiritually poor. 当今社

会中，有许多人物质富有却精神空虚。 ．．．．

D. Pronouns Converted into Nouns

e.g. Radio waves are similar to light waves except that their wavelength is much greater.

无线电波与光波相似，但无线电波的波长要长得多。 ．．．．

III. Converting into Adjectives

A. Nouns Converted into Adjectives (a/an + n.)

e.g. Independent thinking is an absolute necessity in study. 独立思考对学习是绝对必需/ 必不可少的。 ．．．．．．．

B. Adverbs Converted into Adjectives

e.g. This film impressed him deeply. 这部电影给他留下了深刻的印象。 ．．．

IV. Converting into Adverbs

A. Adjectives Converted into Adverbs:

e.g. Only when we study their properties can we make better use of these materials. 只有

研究这些材料的特点才能更好地利用它们。 ．．．

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《英汉翻译理论与实践1》课程讲稿

e.g. A helicopter is free to go almost anywhere.

直升机几乎可以自由地飞到任何地方。 ．．．

B. Nouns Converted into Adverbs

e.g. I have the honor to inform you that your request is granted. 我荣幸地通知你，你的请求已得到批准。 ．．．

V. Classroom Exercises

1. Meanwhile, half-starved and often ill, Crane continued to write.

2. The language of the poem is colloquial, yet it's deep in its understanding of human

emotions.

3. Independent observers have commented favorably on the achievements you have made in

this direction.

4. Traditionally, there had always been good relations between them.

5. No wonder the sight of it should send the memories of quite a number of people of the old

generation back 36 years ago.

6. It is impossible to live in society and be independent of society.

7. The lecture was called Thieves, and was a demonstration that the proprietor of an unearned

income inflicted on the community exactly the same injury as a burglar does. 8. The young scholar worked long hours, on meager food, in cold hut, by dim lamp.

9. She skimmed over the lawn, up the path, up the steps, across the veranda and into the

porch.

10. Most U.S. spy satellites are designed to burn up in the earth’s atmosphere after completing

their missions.

Reference Version:

1. 在此期间，克兰处于半饥饿状态，而且常常生病，但他仍坚持写作。（a.→n.; a.→v.） 2. 诗的语言虽很通俗，但对人的感情的揭示/理解却有深度。（a.→n.）

3. 有独立见解的观察家们对你们在这方面取得的成就给予了积极的评价。(v.+adv. →

v.+a.+n.)

4. 他们之间一直保持着传统的友好关系。（adv.→a.） 5. 难怪老一辈的人见了这个就会想起36年前的往事。（n.→v.） 6. 生于社会，就不可能脱离社会。（a.→v.） 7. 演讲的题目是“贼”，表明了一个攥取不义之财的人对公众造成的危害和盗贼是完全一

样的。（n.→v.）

8. 年轻的学者吃着简单的饭食，住在寒冷的茅屋，靠着昏暗的灯光，长时间地工作着。

(prep.→v.)

9. 她轻盈地越过草地，跑上小道，跨上台阶，穿过凉台，走进了门廊。(prep.→v.) 10. 大多数美国卫星完成使命后，按其设计在大气层中焚毁。（v.→n.）

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《英汉翻译理论与实践1》课程讲稿

Translation skills: Adding & Cutting

◇Teaching Contents:

I、 Comment on the homework

II、 A brief introduction to adding and cutting

英汉两种语言，由于表达方式不尽相同，翻译时既可能将词类转换，有时候也可能将词量增减。

增词法就是在翻译时按意义上或修辞上或句法上的需要增加一些词来更忠实、通顺地表达原文思想内容。这当然不是无中生有地随意乱加，而是增加原文中虽无其词却有其义的一些词。

III、Adding

1. Adding verbs

e.g. There were no speeches, no foreign diplomats, no ―ordinary Chinese‖ with paper flags and flowers.

— 没有发表讲话，没有各国外交官到场，也没有“中国群众”挥舞纸旗和花束的场面。 ．．．．．．

e.g. After the banquets, the concerts, and the table tennis exhibitions, he would work on the drafting of the final communiqué. — 参加完宴会，出席过音乐会，观看了乒乓球表演赛之后，他还得起草最后公报。 ．．．．．． e.g. I’m really busy this morning: 2 classes, a meeting, and an interview. — 我今天上午的确很忙，要上两节课，开一个会，还要接受一个采访。 ．．．．

2. Adding adjectives

e.g. With what enthusiasm the Beijingers are studying foreign languages! — 北京的人们正以多么高的热情学习外语啊！ ．e.g. What a day/life! — 多么（ 热/冷/难熬/幸福/悲惨 ）的一天/生活啊！ ．．．．．．．．

3. Adding adverbs

e.g. How the little girl looked after her old mother!

— 那个小女孩照顾她的年迈的母亲是多么地细心周到啊！ ．．．．e.g. The crowd melted away. — 人群渐渐地散去了。 ．．．

e.g. As he began talking, words poured out. — 他一开讲，就滔滔不绝地讲个没完。 ．．．．．

4. Adding nouns

A. After the intransitive verb

e.g. Be sure to wash before meal. — 饭前一定要洗手。 ．

e.g. Doesn’t she wash after getting up? — 起床后她难道不洗漱（洗脸刷牙）吗？ ．．e.g. He sometimes forgets to wash before going to bed. — 他有时忘记洗脚就上床睡觉。 ．

e.g. Day after day she does the same: washing, sweeping, and cooking. — 她日复一日地做着同样的家务：洗衣服，拖地板，做饭。 ．．．．．B. Before the adjective

e.g. The radio is indeed cheap and fine. — 这台收音机真是物美价廉。 ．．

e.g. She is a complicated girl – moody, sensitive and skeptical. — 她是个性格复杂的人：喜怒无常，多愁善感，疑神疑鬼。 ．．

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《英汉翻译理论与实践1》课程讲稿

C. After the abstract noun

e.g. After all preparations were made, the sports meet began. — 一切准备工作就绪后，运动会开始了。 ．．

e.g. In the summer of 1969, the government publicly urged an easing of tensions with China.

— 一九六九年夏天，政府公开主张缓和与中国的紧张关系。 ．．D. After the concrete noun

e.g. He felt the patriot rise within his breast. — 他感到胸中涌起了一股爱国热情。 ．．

e.g. He allowed the father to be overruled by the judge, and declared his own son guilty. — 法官的职责战胜了父子之情，他最终判决自己的儿子有罪。 ．．．

5. Adding words which indicate the plural form

汉语中名词的复数没有词型变化，很多情况下不必表达出来，但要表达 指多数人的名词时，可用“们”，如“老师们，同学们”，或在名词前加“各位／诸位” 或独立使用“大家”；表达事物的复数时可用“若干”等。此外，英语名词复数汉译时还可根据情况，增加重叠词、数词或其他一些词来表达，以提高修辞效果。

A. 增加重叠词表示复数

e.g. Flowers bloom in the fields. — 朵朵鲜花开满原野。 ．．

e.g. Every summer, tourists go to the coastal cities. — 一到夏季，旅游者纷纷涌到海滨城市。 ．．

e.g. Rows of new houses have been set up. — 一排排的新房建成了。 ．．．

B. 增加数词或其它词表示复数

汉语中有些数字词汇在文中并不表示具体的数字，只是表示“多，众多”的意思，如百（百花齐放，百家争鸣，百鸟朝凤，百感交集）、千（千篇一律，千人一面，千方百计）、万（万众一心，万紫千红，万水千山，千难万险）等；还有些词，如、 群、众、历、丛等也表示数量的多：

e.g. The lion is the king of animals. — 狮子是百兽之王。 ． e.g. The mountains were covered with snow. — 群山白雪皑皑。 ． e.g. The crowd made a way for him. — 众人给他闪开了一条道。 ．

6. Adding quantifiers

A. 英语中的名词，特别是可数名词，一般直接与数词或冠词连用；而汉语几乎总是

要用量词。

e.g. I bought a new bike yesterday. — 我昨天买了一辆新自行车。 ．e.g. A red sun rose slowly from the calm sea. — 一轮红日在平静的海面上冉冉升起。 ．

B. 英语中有些动词或动作名词，译成汉语时常需增加一些表示行为、动作的动量词。 e.g. Shall we have a rest? — 我们休息一下好吗？ ．．e.g. Once they quarreled bitterly. — 有次他们大吵了一架。 ．．e.g. I had a look at the photo and recognized her at once. — 我看了一眼照片，马上就认出了她。 ．．

7. Adding words which indicate the tense

英语动词的时态是靠动词词型变化和加助动词来表达的。汉语动词没有时态变化，表达时态时除用具体表示时间的词或词组，如昨天、此时此刻、下周、２０年前等，还要借助于时态助词“曾、已经、过、了／正在、着、／将、就、要、会、便”被用来表示过去／现在／将来发生的动作或存在的状态。

A. 对时间概念作强调时，往往加词翻译。

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