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《英汉翻译理论与实践1》课程讲稿
repeating a certain word/expression or using its synonym and the like.
复现关系指语篇中的句子借助重复原词或使用同义词、近义词等其他形式来相互衔接。
e.g. During all the years of my life, until that moment, I had carried the menacing, the
hostile killing world with me everywhere. No matter what I was doing or saying or feeling, one eye had always been on the world – that world which I had learnt to distrust almost as soon as I learnt my name, that world on which I know one could never turn one’s back, the white man’s world.
— 我活到那么大,可是我无论去什么地方,这个咄咄逼人、生杀予夺的世界始
终纠缠着我。我干什么事,说什么话,转什么念头,总得睁一只眼睛提防这个世界——自从知道自己的名字那天起,我就学会不信任它,对于这个白人的天下,我们黑人即使想视而不见、充耳不闻,也是绝对办不到的。
讲评:原文短短的六七十字中,world一词就反复出现了五次。原文也正是通过world
的原词复现,得以将种族歧视对“我”身心造成的伤害,以及“我”对这个“世界”的仇恨表现得淋漓尽致。而译者却忽视了这层衔接关系,五个world只译出了四个,其中有两个还不是原词复现(它、天下),如此处理淡化了world的复现链接,这样一来,原文中那种铿锵的语调也就削弱了很多。试改译如下:
— 活到那么大,无论去什么地方,这个满怀恶意、咄咄逼人的世界始终纠缠着我。不管我做什么、说什么、想什么,总得睁着一只眼睛提防这个世界——这个我刚学会说自己的名字就不再信任的世界,这个任我们怎么想避都避不开的世界,这个白人的世界。
II. Linking by grammatical means
The sentences can also be knitted into an integral text by grammatical means such as corresponding, omitting, replacing and consisting of tense and aspect, etc. It should be noted that the translator must also take into consideration the linguistic habits of the target language in addition to the clues given in the context.
语法衔接指语篇通过对应、省略、替代或时体形式的配合来联句成篇。由于不同语言的衔接习惯不尽相同,因此,翻译时除了要善于利用衔接线索来解读原文,还要善于依据译语的衔接习惯来构建译文,这样才能达到对等的成篇效果。
e.g. I read his Progress and Poverty, and went to a meeting of Hyndman’s Marxist Democratic
Federation, where I rose and protested against its drawing a red herring across the trail blazed by George. I was contemptuously dismissed as a novice who had not read the great first volume of Marx’s Capital.
I promptly read it, and returned to announce my complete conversion by it. Immediately
contempt changed to awe; for Hyndman’s disciples had not read the book themselves, it being then accessible only in Deville’s French version in the British Museum reading room, my daily resort.
*draw a red herring: 提出不相干的事实或论点,以转移对主题的注意力 — 我看了他的《进步与贫穷》, 又去参加海德门的马克思主义组织“民主联盟”
举行的会议,会上我起来发言,指责他们节外生枝,破坏了乔治开辟的道路。他们
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《英汉翻译理论与实践1》课程讲稿
轻蔑地驳回了我的意见,说我是个新手,连马克思的《资本论》第一卷这部巨著都没读过。
我随即读了《资本论》第一卷,又去参加了会议,并在会上宣布,我在它的影
响下彻底改变了自己的信仰。轻蔑顿时变成了敬畏,因为海德门的门徒们自己并没有读过这本书;当时要看这本书,只能去大英博物馆的阅览室读维德尔的法文译本,我每天就呆在那里。
讲评:在这个例子里,英语语篇中的一条主要的指代衔接链为:first volume of Marx’s Capital
— it — it — the book — it,翻译时,译者按照汉语的衔接方式作了变通,转换为:《资本论》第一卷——《资本论》第一卷——它——这本书——这本书。可见,英语中以指代衔接为特征的人称对应,转换为汉语后呈现出了明显的词汇衔接倾向。
e.g. One cannot learn to produce a sound from an explanation only, or get a correct idea of a
flavor from a description: a sound must be heard, a color seen, a flavor tasted, and odor inhaled.
— 人不能只从讲解中学会发声,也不能光靠看说明而真正体会出某种滋味来:声音
必须耳闻,颜色必须目见,滋味必须口尝,气味必须吸入。
讲评:原文为了简洁,一连省略了三个must,读来节奏紧凑,一气呵成。译成汉语,出于
语法完整的需要,译者将英语空缺的词项全部补充完整,一连重复了三个“必须”,以符合中文表达习惯,达到了同样的成篇效果。但“吸入”一词与前面三个主谓结构的词并列显得很不协调,后半部分可以改译为:“声音必须听到过,颜色必须看到过,滋味必须尝到过,气味必须闻到过。”
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《英汉翻译理论与实践1》课程讲稿
Coherence
◇Teaching Contents:
? Comment on the Homework ? Coherence
Coherence refers to the semantic connection between different components in a discourse, which is often realized by the consistent themes or purposes of the sentences. The translator can achieve coherence in the target language via the marks of coherence, the reasonable arrangement of information and the perception of the intention of the discourse
连贯指语篇中不同成分之间的语义关联。这种关联或存在于不同句子所含的命题之间,或存在于话语的真正意图之间。但由于衔接手段的不同,在英语中连贯的语篇模式在汉语中就可能有欠连贯。一般来说翻译时可以借助连贯标记、信息的合理排列、语篇意向的感知来实现译文语篇的连贯。
I. Marks of Coherence(连贯标记)
连贯标记指借助一些词汇的手段来帮助语篇恰当地连成一体,以实现其在概念、逻辑上的合理性。
e.g. He finds that students who were easy to teach, because they succeeded in putting what they had been taught into practice, hesitate when confronted with the vast untouched area of English vocabulary and usage which falls outside the scope of basic textbooks.
译:他发现,学生们起初很容易教,因为他们能把教给他们的东西付诸实践,然而现在,面对着大量未曾接触过的英语词汇和用法,他们却踌躇起来,因为这些词汇和用法都是基础教科书里没有涉及到的内容。
讲评:
篇中find, hesitate和fall都是对现状的描述,用了现在时态,students后面的定语从句中谓语动词则均为过去时态。整个语篇依赖时体形式衔接,过去与现在层次明晰,前后意义连贯。由于汉语无法通过动词的屈折来表达时间的先后,故译文加上表示时间的逻辑连接词“起初”、“现在”,从而复制出原文的连贯效果。
II. Re-arrangement of information(信息重组)
汉语是意合语言,信息往往靠有序的逻辑排列来构成流畅、达意的语篇。这和依赖衔接手段来实现语意连贯的英语语篇有很大差异。翻译时,可以有意识地通过信息重组来再现原文的语义连贯。
e.g. Plastics is made from water which is a natural resource inexhaustible and available everywhere, coal which can be mined through automatic and mechanical process at low cost and lime which can be obtained from the calcination of limestone widely present in nature. 译1:塑料是由无处不在、取之不绝的自然资源——水,通过自动化或机械化方式可以采得的煤以及成本较低、通过煅烧自然界广泛存在的石灰石取得的石灰制造而成的。 译2:塑料由水、煤和石灰制造而成。水是无处不在、取之不尽的自然资源;煤可以通过自动化或机械化方式采得,成本低廉;石灰则可以通过燃烧自然界广泛存在的石灰石获得。
讲评:
原文句子主干部分用了三个并列的介词宾语,且每个宾语都另用了一个定语从句加以修饰,这是英语形合语言中相当常见的表述方式。译文1依葫芦画瓢,以同样的顺序排列
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《英汉翻译理论与实践1》课程讲稿
信息,结果“塑料”和它的各合成成分天各一方,原文语义上的连贯大打折扣。如果将信息重组一下,先概括主旨,再通过关键词复现来衔接语篇,并对各关键词进行一一分述,整个译文的结构就会严整得多。
e.g. The boys dressed themselves, hid their accoutrements and went off grieving that there were
no outlaws any more, and wondering what modern civilization could claim to have done to compensate for their loss.
译1:两个孩子穿上衣服,藏好装备,离开了树林,惋惜现在没有绿林好汉了,也不知道
现代文明能说已经采取什么措施来弥补他们的损失。
译2:(两个)孩子穿上衣服,藏好装备,怀着悲伤和疑惑的心情离开了(树林)。悲伤,
是因为如今已经不再有绿林好汉;疑惑,是因为他们不知道现代文明到底采取了什么措施来弥补他们的损失。
讲评:
译文1完全照搬了原文的连贯结构,但原文的逻辑层次和脉络显然没有得以成功的再
现。只要依照汉语的连贯模式,将原文信息作有序重排,译文的逻辑推进的层次就会显得很分明了。
III. Transfer of Intention(意向传达)
Basically speaking, the coherence of a discourse lies in the continuance of the meaning, which embodies the intention or purpose of the speaker/writer. Therefore it is impossible for the discourse, when translated into Chinese, to maintain its coherence and logic without the proper understanding and transfer of its original intention.
语篇连贯的基础是“意义的连续性”,这种连续性正是语篇生成者的意向体现。汉译时,对原文作者意向性的感知,是保证译文逻辑合理、语义连贯的前提。 e.g. Willy: Since the beginning you never knew how to play cards.
Charley: (Picks up the cards and goes to the door) All right! Next time I’ll bring a deck with
five aces.
Willy: I don’t play that kind of game!
Charley: (Turning to him) You ought to be ashamed of yourself! Willy: Yeah?
Charley: Yeah! (He goes out)
Willy: (Slamming the door after him) Ignoramus!
(Death of a Salesman by Arthur Miller)
译:威利:从打一开头你就不会打牌。
查理(收起牌,朝门口走):好吧!下次我带一付有五张A的牌来。 威利:我不跟你这号人打牌。
*(这句话的译法个人认为与原意不符,不如直译为“我才不打那种牌呢!”) 查理(转身面对他):你不怕害臊!
*(这句话译为:你也不害臊!/ 你害不害臊!/ 你怎么不知道害臊!似乎更符合中国人的语言习惯。)
威利:你说谁? 查理:说你!
威利(朝着他的后影摔上门):没知识!
*(译为“白痴”之类的词似与上文更加连贯)
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