英语翻译理论与实践

《英汉翻译理论与实践1》课程讲稿

Translation skills: Translation of English Complex Sentences

◇Teaching Contents:

I、 Brief introduction to syntactic structure of English and Chinese

英语长句呈现出一种树式结构，即在英语中，主干结构突出，主谓宾突出，表达复杂思想时，往往开门见山，句中的主语和主要动词这两根巨栋先树立起来，再运用各种关系词把定语从句及其它短语往这两个巨栋上挂靠。英语是形合语言，往往以整驭零。

汉语长句呈现出一种竹式结构，即在汉语中，动词使用频繁。在表达一些较复杂的思想时，往往借助动词，按动作发生的顺序，或逻辑顺序，逐步交待，层层展开，给人以舒缓明快之感，有如一根竹子，一节节连下去。汉语没有主干结构，因此就没有主干与枝叉之分、竹节可多可少，由语音凝结在一起，有团块性，由于汉语不存在主干，在扩展时会引起结构的不断变化对比。

II、 Procedures 具体操作： a) 理解 找出各层含义

理清层次关系（包括时间、空间、以及各种逻辑关系） b) 表达

按照汉语的时空逻辑规律重新排列。 时间：先后

空间：大小、上下、远近

逻辑：先因后果，先假设后结论 Examples:

But now it is realized that supplies of some of minerals are limited, and it is even possible to give a reasonable estimate of their ―expectation of life‖, the time it will take to exhaust all known sources and reserves of these materials.

分析: 该句的骨干结构为“It is realized that…”, it为形式主语, that引导着主语从句以及并列的it is even possible to …结构, 其中, 不定式作主语, the time …是“expectation of life”的同位语, 进一步解释其含义, 而time后面的句子是它的定语从句。五个谓语结构, 表达了四个层次的意义: A. 可是现在人们意识到; B. 其中有些矿物质的蕴藏量是有限的; C. 人们甚至还可以比较合理的估计出这些矿物质“可望存在多少年”; D. 将这些已知矿源和储量消耗殆尽的时间

可是现在人们意识到, 其中有些矿物质的蕴藏量是有限的, 人们甚至还可以比较合理的估计出这些矿物质“可望存在多少年”, 也就是说, 经过若干年后, 这些矿物的全部已知矿源和储量将消耗殆尽。

Aluminum remained unknown until the nineteenth century, because nowhere in nature is it found free, owing to its always being combined with other elements, most commonly with oxygen, for which it has a strong affinity.

分析: 这个句子由一个主句, 两个原因状语和一个定语从句, “铝直到19世纪才被人发现”是主句, 也是全句的中心内容, 全句共有四个谓语结构, 共有五层意思: A. 铝直到19世纪才被人发现; B. 由于在自然界找不到游离状态的铝; C. 由于它总是跟其他元素结合在一起; D. 最普遍的是跟氧结合; E. 铝跟氧有很强的亲和力。

铝总是跟其他元素结合在一起, 最普遍的是跟氧结合; 因为铝跟氧有很强的亲和力, 由于这个原因, 在自然界找不到游离状态的铝。所以, 铝直到19世纪才被人发现。

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《英汉翻译理论与实践1》课程讲稿

I had spent a long day on a hired mule before the mail carrier who had been my guide pointed to a cabin on the far side of a stream, mutely refused the money I offered, and rode on.

原译：我在一头租来的骡上骑了一整天，直到曾担任我向导的邮差指着一条河远边上的小屋，默默地拒绝了我给他的钱，骑着马走了。

改译：我雇了一头骡子，骑了整整一天。在此期间，邮差权当向导。后来他指着河对岸的一幢木屋给我看，我给他钱，他默然拒绝，迳自骑马走了。

The village of Marlott lay amid the northen-easten undulations of the beautiful lake Blakemore or Blackmore aforesaid, an engirdled and secluded region, for the most part un-trodden as yet by tourists or landscape-painters, though within a four hours’ journey from London.

前面说过的那个布蕾谷或布莱谷，是一处群山环抱、偏僻幽静的地方。虽然离伦敦不过四个小时的路程，但它的大部分都不曾有游游家和画家的足迹。马勒村就在它东北部那片起伏地带的中间。

People were afraid to leave their houses, for although the police had been ordered to stand by in case of emergency, they were just as confused and helpless as anybody else.

该句共有三层含义: A: 人们不敢出门;

B: 尽管警察已接到命令, 要作好准备以应付紧急情况; C: 警察也和其他人一样不知所措和无能为力。

在这三层含义中, B表示让步, C表示原因, 而A则表示结果, 按照汉语习惯顺序, 我们作如下的安排:

尽管警察已接到命令, 要作好准备以应付紧急情况, 但人们不敢出门, 因为警察也和其他人一样不知所措和无能为力。

III、课堂练习（运用各种翻译技巧，将下列句子译成流畅通顺的汉语）： 1. I hope that the meeting will not be too long, for it will only waste time.

2. In a nation too young to have mythic heroes, men and women must substitute.

3. If you are retired, if you are a housewife, if you have what others might consider a humble job -- whatever it is that you do most of the day -- be proud of it.

4. Rushing throngs, blinded by the darkness and the smoke, rushed up on a street and down the next, trampling the fallen in a crazy fruitless dash toward safely.

5. In order to retain Chinese managers, joint ventures also must devise human resource policies that are sensitive to the ways in which Chinese employees differ from those in the West.

6. Engels spoke with the authority and confidence, born of forty years' closest friendship and intellectual intimacy, during which he had grasped, as no other man had, the full significance of Marx's teachings.

7. I take heart from the fact that, the enemy, which boasts that it can occupy the strategic point in a couple of hours, has not yet been able to take even the outlying regions, because of the stiff resistance that gets in the way.

8. If you're stuck with someone and feeling tongue-tied, console yourself by remembering that the other person may be feeling as agonized as you. Summon up a burst of energy, and find something on which to compliment him or her.

IV、课堂练习参考译文：

1. 我希望这次会议不要开得太久，那样会浪费时间。

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《英汉翻译理论与实践1》课程讲稿

2. 这样一个年青的民族不可能有神话中的英雄，于是必然有真实的男女人物来取而代之。

3. 你已经退休也好，你是家庭妇女也好，或者你干的工作别人瞧不起也好 － 不管你整天在干什么，都要因此而自豪。

4. 人群在黑暗和浓烟中盲目狂奔，穿街过巷，踩着倒在地上的身躯，惊惶失措地往安全的地方冲去，结果却是徒劳。

5. 为了留住中国本地管理人员，合资企业还必须制定适应中国雇员与西方雇员之间种种差异的人力资源政策。

6. 四十年最亲密的友谊和思想契合赋予了恩格斯说这番话的资格和信心。经过这四十年，他对马克思学说意义的了解比任何人都彻底。

8. 敌人吹嘘能在几小时内占领战略要地，由于遭到了顽强的抵抗，甚至连外围地带也没有占领，这让我增强了信心。

9. 倘若和别人无言以对面面相觑时，无须烦恼，切记对方或许跟你一样心里感到不好受。你要打起精神来，找些好听的话向对方说说。

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《英汉翻译理论与实践1》课程讲稿

Cohesion

◇Teaching Contents:

? Comment on the Homework ? Cohesion

A translator should always bear it in mind that a discourse or a text is a semantic unity rather than a casual combination of sentences. In order to achieve such a unity with its every part linking up logically, the translator must give his/her careful consideration to the coherence of the whole text, firstly in terms of structure and secondly, meaning.

I. Linking by lexical means

In a smooth, coherent discourse, we can always find certain word(s) closely relating to others in the context via meaning or form. Their relationships – repetitious, synonymous, antonymous, supplementary, part-and-whole and so on – are roughly divided by Holiday and Hassawn into two kinds: collocation（同现关系）and reiteration（复现关系）. The translator must choose the proper word in translation which can faithfully reflect its relationship with other words in the context,

词汇衔接指通过词的重复、同义、反义、互补、整体与部分等关系来使语篇语义连贯。韩礼德和哈桑把词汇衔接关系分为两大类：同现关系和复现关系。

A. Collocation（同现关系）

The most common form of collocation is the employment of word chain – a series of words with their meaning closely relating to each other and focusing on the same topic.

在同现关系中，词汇链是一种常用的衔接手段。它指作者为围绕某一个主题而配合使用的一系列意义上相互联系的词语。

e.g. Captain Weston, who had been considered, especially by the Churchills, as making

such an amazing match, was proved to have much the worst of the bargain, for when his wife died, after a three years’ marriage, he was rather a poorer man than at first, and with a child to maintain.

— 许多人，尤其是邱吉尔夫妇，曾经认为魏斯吞上尉的婚姻是惊人的，而现在

却证明大吃其亏，因为当他太太结婚三年后去世的时候，他比当初更穷了，而且还要养活一个孩子。

讲评：这段文字中存在两层衔接关系：the worst of the bargain和amazing match构成

的词汇衔接上的反义关系，以及the worst of the bargain和poorer man构成的近义衔接关系。把amazing译作“惊人的”，打破了这一串词汇链在语义上的前后联系，从而使译文出现了上下文脱节的现象。此外，make a match这个说法主要是从一方的角度而言（例如make a good match应理解为“找到好对象”），这与全篇的主语Captain Weston相呼应；而婚姻这个词的内涵往往涉及到夫妻双方，故而把Captain Weston… making such an amazing match译为“魏斯吞上尉的婚姻”显然使句子的主语发生了偏移。刘重德先生在重译时根据语境将其译为“高攀”，显然更加准确。

B. Reiteration（复现关系）

Reiteration means that the linking of the sentences in a discourse is achieved by

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