基于单片机超声波测距毕业论文 - 图文

Abstract

With the development of science and technology, the improvement of people's standard of living, speeding up the development and construction of the city. urban drainage system have greatly developed their situation is constantly improving. However, due to historical reasons many unpredictable factors in the synthesis of her time, the city drainage system. In particular drainage system often lags behind urban construction. Therefore, there are often good building excavation has been building facilities to upgrade the drainage system phenomenon. It brought to the city sewage, and it is clear to the city sewage and drainage culvert in the sewage treatment system. comfort is very important to people's lives. Mobile robots designed to clear the drainage culvert and the automatic control system Free sewage culvert clear guarantee robot, the robot is designed to clear the culvert sewage to the core. Control System is the core component of the development of ultrasonic range finder. Therefore, it is very important to design a good ultrasonic range finder.

At the core of the design using AT89C51 low-cost, high accuracy, Micro figures show that the ultrasonic range finder hardware and software design methods. Modular design of the whole circuit from the main program, pre subroutine fired subroutine receive subroutine. display subroutine modules form. SCM comprehensive analysis of the probe signal processing, and the ultrasonic range finder function. On the basis of the overall system design, hardware and software by the end of each module.

The research has led to the discovery that the software and hardware designing is justified, the anti-disturbance competence is powerful and the real-time capability is satisfactory and by extension and upgrade, this system can resolve the problem of the car availably, building construction the position of the workplace and some industries spot supervision.

Key words:AT89S52; Silent Wave；Measure Distance

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目 录

摘 要···························································I Abstract··························································II 绪论···························································1 I.1 课题设计的目的及其意义·································1 I.2 超声波测距仪的设计思路·································1 1 课题的方案设计与论证···········································3 1.1 系统整体方案的设计·····································3 1.2 系统整体方案的论证·····································3 2 系统的硬件结构设计·············································4 2.1 单片机的功能特点及测距原理·····························4 2.2 超声波发射电路·········································6 2.3 超声波检测接收电路·····································7 2.4 超声波测距系统的硬件电路设计···························7 3 系统软件的设计·················································9 3.1 超声波测距仪的算法设计·································9 3.2 主程序流程图···········································10 3.3 超声波发生子程序与超声波接受中断程序···················11

3.4 系统的软硬件的调试·····································12 总 结····························································13 致 谢····························································15 参考文献··························································16 附 录 一 超声波测距电路原理图··································18 附 录 二 超声波测距电路版图····································19 附 录 三 程序清单··············································20

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绪 论

Ⅰ.1课题设计目的及意义 Ⅰ.1.1设计的目的

随着科学技术的快速发展，超声波将在测距仪中的应用越来越广。但就目 前技术水平来说，人们可以具体利用的测距技术还十分有限，因此，这是一个正在蓬勃发展而又有无限前景的技术及产业领域。展望未来，超声波测距仪作为一种新型的非常重要有用的工具在各方面都将有很大的发展空间，它将朝着更加高定位高精度的方向发展，以满足日益发展的社会需求，如声纳的发展趋势基本为：研制具有更高定位精度的被动测距声纳，以满足水中武器实施全隐蔽攻击的需要；继续发展采用低频线谱检测的潜艇拖曳线列阵声纳，实现超远程的被动探测和识别；研制更适合于浅海工作的潜艇声纳，特别是解决浅海水中目标识别问题；大力降低潜艇自噪声，改善潜艇声纳的工作环境。无庸置疑，未来的超声波测距仪将与自动化智能化接轨，与其他的测距仪集成和融合，形成多测距仪。随着测距仪的技术进步，测距仪将从具有单纯判断功能发展到具有学习功能，最终发展到具有创造力。在新的世纪里，面貌一新的测距仪将发挥更大的作用。

Ⅰ.1.2设计的意义

随着科技的发展，人们生活水平的提高，城市发展建设加快，城市给排水系统也有较大发展，其状况不断改善。但是，由于历史原因合成时间住的许多不可预见因素，城市给排水系统，特别是排水系统往往落后于城市建设。因此，经常出现开挖已经建设好的建筑设施来改造排水系统的现象。城市污水给人们带来了困扰，因此箱涵的排污疏通对大城市给排水系统污水处理，人们生活舒适显得非常重要。而设计研制箱涵排水疏通移动机器人的自动控制系统，保证机器人在箱涵中自由排污疏通，是箱涵排污疏通机器人的设计研制的核心部分。控制系统核心部分就是超声波测距仪的研制。因此，设计好的超声波测距仪就显得非常重要了。这就是我设计超声波测距仪的意义。

Ⅰ.2超声波测距仪的设计思路

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Ⅰ.2.1超声波测距原理[1，2]

发射器发出的超声波以速度υ在空气中传播，在到达被测物体时被反射返回，由接收器接收，其往返时间为t，由s=vt/2即可算出被测物体的距离。由于超声波也是一种声波，其声速v与温度有关，下表列出了几种不同温度下的声速。在使用时，如果温度变化不大，则可认为声速是基本不变的。如果测距精度要求很高，则应通过温度补偿的方法加以校正。

表1-1 超声波波速与温度的关系表

温度（℃） -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 100 声速（m／s） 313 319 325 323 338 344 349 386

Ⅰ.2.2 超声波测距仪原理框图如下图

单片机发出40kHZ的信号，经放大后通过超声波发射器输出；超声波接收器将接收到的超声波信号经放大器放大，用锁相环电路进行检波处理后，启动单片机中断程序，测得时间为t，再由软件进行判别、计算，得出距离数并送LED显示。

图1-1 超声波测距仪原理框图

1 课程的方案设计与论证

1.1系统整体方案的设计

由于超声波指向性强，能量消耗缓慢，在介质中传播的距离较远，因而超声波经常用于距离的测量。利用超声波检测距离，设计比较方便，计算处理也较简单，并且在测量精度方面也能达到农业生产等自动化的使用要求。

超声波发生器可以分为两大类：一类是用电气方式产生超声波，一类是用机械方式产生超声波。电气方式包括压电型、电动型等；机械方式有加尔统笛、液哨和气

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