高中英语语法 - 句子成分详解（高考专用）

１、表语

表语在句中用来说明主语的身份、性质、特征、状态、职业、内容、数量、（动作）方向或处所等。表语一般位于连系动词之后，二者共同构成谓语。可以担任表语的有：名词、代词、形容词、副词、动词不定式、动名词、数词以及从句（表语从句）等。例如： （１）、名词

Mr. Black is a worker. (名词，表示身份。) Ann is an American girl.

Five years later, he turned an engineer. （２）、形容词

Those flowers are nice.(形容词，表示性质或特征。) I felt sorry for them. (形容词，表示状态。)

We must keep healthy. (连系动词keep＋形容词作表语) This book looks new.

The baby falls asleep.（连系动词fall＋表语形容词作表语） （３）、代词

― Who is it? (疑问代词，表示身份。) ― It’s me. (代词宾格，表示身份。)

These are something new. (不定代词，表示内容。)

The man in the picture is himself. (反身代词，表示身份。) The right answer is that. (指示代词，表示内容。) （４）、动词不定式

To see is to believe. (动词不定式，表示内容。)

My aim is to become a doctor.（系动词be＋不定式作表语，表示内容。） （５）、动名词

Seeing is believing. (动名词，表示内容。)

My job is teaching English. (动名词短语，表示内容。) （６）、介词短语

Mike is from England. (表示动作方向) Your book is on the desk. (表示处所。) （７）、副词

― Is Bill in? (此处的in是副词：“在家”，表示处所。) ― No, he is out. (此处的out是副词：“在外面”，表示处所。) （８）、数词

The telephone number is 3332117. (基数词，表示内容。) Three minus two is one. (基数词，表示内容。)

Who is first in the high jump? (序数词独立作表语时前面不加the)

He is always the first to come. (to come 作 first 的定语，前面加the 。) （９）、表语从句

That’s why I want to stay here. (表语从句，表示内容。)

２、宾语

句子中，表示谓语动词动作对象的成分叫宾语，宾语是动作的承受着。英语中，及物动词（或相当于

及物动词的短语动词）、介词后须带宾语，少数形容词后也可以带宾语。可以担任宾语的有：名词、代词、数词、动词不定式（短语）、动名词、名词化的形容词以及从句（宾语从句）等。 （１）、名词

I am reading a book. 名词作动词read的宾语。）

I’m going to Beijing with my father. (名词作介词with的宾语。) We couldn’t finish the work without his help. (同上)

In the past, many parents couldn’t afford education for their children. （２）、代词

Yesterday, Tom’ mother looked after him at home.(代词宾格him作短语动词look after的宾语。) Please look it up in the dictionary. (代词宾格it 作短语动词look up的宾语) I have something to tell you.（不定代词短语作动词have的宾语） What would you like? (疑问代词作动词like的宾语。)

Yesterday my father bought me a new bike. (分别作动词bought的间接宾语和直接宾语) We got lost and couldn’t find each other. (反身代词) （３）、数词

Give me three, please! (数词作直接宾语。) （４）、动词不定式(短语)

Ｉlike to play basketball. (作动词的宾语。) Glad to meet you. (作形容词的宾语。) Nice to see you again!（同上） I’m sorry to trouble you. (同上)

I think it impossible to climb the mountain. (it作形式宾语，动词不定式短语作真正宾语。) I don’t want to there again. I really like/hate to go shopping. （５）、动名词(短语)

I enjoy listening to music very much. (作动词的宾语) Nice meeting you here today! (作形容词nice的宾语) （６）、形容词

We must help the poor. (作动词的宾语)

The new always takes place of the old. (作介词of的宾语) （７）、宾语从句

He knows who is right. （作动词的宾语）

I want to know what color is her favorite. (作动词不定式to know 宾语) I’m sure that she’ll come soon.（作形容词sure的宾语）

I’m thinking of where I should go during the vacation. (作介词of的宾语)

△几个常见加the后可以名词化的形容词是：poor, rich, young, old，happy, blind, beautiful等。 △宾语从句应特别注意的三要素是：时态、语序、连接词。 △少数能跟宾语的形容词有：happy, glad, nice, sure, certain, surprised, pleased, aware, afraid, proud, sorry, worried, ashamed等。

△直接宾语和间接宾语：

英语中，一些及物动词如：give, pass, show, send, bring, tell, teach, buy, lend等，可以带两个宾语。一个指人，叫间接宾语；一个指物，叫直接宾语。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面。如果放在其后，则间接宾语前一般加介词to，以表示动作对准谁；或加介词for，以表示动作为谁做。例如： He gave me an interesting book.＝He give an interesting book to me.

Please bring me some snacks.＝Please bring some snacks to me.

Mother told me a story last night.＝Mother told a story to me last night. My uncle often teaches me English songs.

＝My uncle often teaches English songs to me. Jim bought me a beautiful present.

＝Jim bought a beautiful present for me.

如果直接宾语是代词，则必须放在间接宾语之前，并且在二者之间加上介词to或for。例如： Give it to me, Lily. 不能说 Give me it, Lily.

There two pencils on the desk, pass them to me. 不能说 ? pass me them. △复合宾语

英语中，一些及物动词的宾语须在其后加上一个补足语，对其进一步作补充说明，意思才够完整和明确，该补足语即叫宾语补足语。宾语和其补足语一起构成复合宾语，二者之间存在着逻辑上的主谓关系。能担任宾语补足语的有：名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式和分词（现在分词、过去分词）。例如： We must keep our classroom clean. (形容词，Classroom和clean之间存在着逻辑上的主谓关系,即：Our classroom is clean.)

We call the bird “Polly”.(名词)

(the bird和Polly之间存在着逻辑上的主谓关系，即：The bird is Polly.) Our teacher told us to do Exercise One. (动词不定式短语)

(us 的主格we 和to do Exercise One之间存在着逻辑上的主谓关系，即：We should do Exercise One.) She always thinks others above herself. (介词短语) (Others is always above herself.)

I brought my dog here. (副词，My dog was here.）

I saw Jack playing under a tree. (现在分词短语，Jack was playing under a tree.） In one place I saw children working for a cruel boss.

常见的可带复合宾语的动词有：call, find, believe, think, see, feel, make, keep, hear, name, tell, ask, want, invite, let, make, have等。因此我们常用到以下短语：ask( tell / want / invite ? ) sb. to do sth.; let ( make / have / get ? ) sb. do sth. ; see ( hear / watch / feel ? ) sb. do sth.; see ( hear / watch / feel ? ) sb. doing sth. 。

其中，感官动词（see, hear ? ）和使役动词 （ let, make, have ? ）后，如果是动词不定式短语作宾语补足语，则习惯上去掉不定式符号 to ；但是，当把这类句子转换成被动语态时，又须将去掉的 to 加上。试比较：

My father made me stay at home last night.

→ I was made to stay at home last night by my father. Tom saw me come back today.

→ I was seen to come back today by Tom.

三、定 语

修饰名词或代词的词、短语或句子，叫定语，也称之为名词的修饰语。与现代汉语的定语都是前置的所不同的是，英语的定语可以前置，也可以后置。独立的单词作定语时，习惯上放在被修饰的词之前作前置定语；短语或句子（定语从句）作定语时，应放在被修饰的词后面，作后置定语。能担任定语的有：形容词、代词、数词、名词、名词所有格（’s 或 of ?）、分词（短语）、动名词（短语）、动词不定式（短语）、介词短语、冠词以及名词性从句（定语从句）。例如：

１、冠词

Mr. Smith gave me a book.. ２、形容词

The beautiful picture was drawn by a famous artist. ３、代词

Our teacher is coming.(形容词性物主代词) Which book is mine.(疑问代词) ４、数词

Mike has two brothers.(基数词) Jim sits in the third row.(序数词) ５、名词

The apple trees were planted 3 years ago. The women doctors are from Beijing.

Group One are girl students and Group Two are boy students. We met some men workers in the factory. ６、名词所有格

Mary’s brother is an engineer.

These are some photos of my father.(名词所有格作后置定语，爸爸本人的片) These are some photos of my father's.(名词所有格作后置定语，爸爸收藏的照片) ７、副词

The people there are very friendly.(地点副词作后置定语) The newspaper today is sold out.(时间副词作后置定语) Would you like anything else?（后置定语） ８、介词短语

The boy under the tree is Jack. (介词短语作后置定语) I'd like to write an article about teenagers around the world. Now children in cities and villages can get a good education. Canada is a country with a lot of snow in winter. ９、分词

The destroyed bridge was rebuilt last winter. (过去分词) I know a boy called Tom.（过去分词短语作后置定语）

The flying birds are moving towards the south because of the coming winter. (现在分词) The car running in the playground is my uncle's.(现在分词短语作后置定语)

It shows that the population in developing countries is larger than that in developed countries. I lived in a small mountain town called Fairmont. １０、动词不定式

At last, we had nothing to eat but a little water.(动词不定式作后置定语) In the 1960s, few children had the chance to receive a good education. She has two children to take care of.(动词不定式短语作后置定语) They worked day and night and never had enough food to eat. １１、动名词

I often go to the reading room in the evening.(动名词)

The habit eating too much is not good for your health.(动名词短语作后置定语) １２、定语从句