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第九讲 情态动词
中考要求
内容 情态动词 基本要求 一、情态动词的定义和特点; 二、情态动词的用法; 三、情态动词的语法特征。 略高要求 情态动词的推测 较高要求 情态动词和虚拟语气的结合
考点梳理 清单一、情态动词的定义
情态动词是一种本身有一定的词义,表示说话人的情绪,态度或语气的动词,但不能单独作谓语,只能和其他动词原形构成谓语。
例:We can be there on time tomorrow.我们明天能按时去那儿。
May I have your name? 我能知道你的名字吗? Shall we begin now? 我们现在就开始吗?
You must obey the school rules.你必须遵守校规。
情态动词数量不多,但用途广泛,主要有:can(could), may(might), must, need, ought to, dare(dared), shall(should), will(would)。 情态动词的位置
情态动词在句中放在谓语动词之前,谓语动词前若有助动词,情态动词则放在助动词前。疑问句中,情态动词放在主语之前。
例:I can see you. Come here. 我能看见你,过来吧。
He must have been away.他一定走了。
What can I do for you? 我能为你做点什么?
How dare you treat us like that!你怎能那样对待我们! 清单二、情态动词的特点
情态动词无人称和数的变化,不能单独作谓语,情态动词后面跟动词原形,否定构成是在情态动词后面加“not”。个别情态动词有现在和过去两种形,过去用来表达更加客气,委婉的语气,时态性不强,可用于过去,现在或将来。
例:He could be here soon. 他很快就来。
We can?t carry the heavy box. 我们搬不动那箱子。 I?m sorry I can?t help you. 对不起,我帮不上你。 清单三、人称代词
情态动词的分类(中考涉及)
情态动词有四类:
① 只作情态动词: can(could), must, may (might), ②可作情态动词又可作实义动词:need
③可作情态动词又可作助动词:shall (should), will (would)
④具有情态动词特征:have(had, has) to 清单四、情态动词的用法
1. can(could)表示说话人能,可以,同意,准许,以及客观条件许可及推测(多用于否定或疑问), could为can
的过去。
例:Can you pass me the books? 你能给我递一下书吗?
Could you help me, please? 请问,你能帮助我吗? What can you do? 你能干点什么呢? Can you be sure? 你有把握吗?
can 和could 只能用于现在和过去两种时态,将来时态用be able to 来表示。如表示过去成功做了某事,用be able to。
例:He could help us at all.他完全可以帮助我们。
With the teacher?s help, I shall be able to speak English correctly.由于老师的帮助,我将能准确地讲英语。 “can(could) + have + 过去分词”的疑问或否定形式表示对过去发生的行为怀疑或不肯定。 如: He can not have been to that town. 他不可能去过那个小镇。 Could+ have+过去分词:用在肯定句中表示本能做却没有做。 如:He could have finished his homework now.他现在本应把作业写 (10崇文二模 )—— you play the piano? ——No. But I can play the violin.
A、Can B、May C、Must D、Should
(10丰台二模)——I don?t like the color of this hat. you show me another one, please? A、Could B、Need C、Must D、Should (10朝阳二模 )—— you play tennis, Tom? ——Yes, I can.
A、Can B、May C、Must D、Need (09朝阳一模 )—Can you answer the last question?
—No, I _______. It?s too difficult. A.mustn?t B.can?t C.needn?t D.shouldn?t
(09 崇文一摸)—Can you finish the work in three days ?
—Sorry, I ________. My computer doesn?t work. A.mustn?t B.may not C.can ? t D.needn?t
(09宣武一摸)—David, is that man your Chinese teacher?
—It ________ be him. He?s having a meeting. A.mustn?t B.can?t C.needn?t D.won?t
(09崇文二模)—________ I borrow your calculator?
—of course you can. A.Must B.Can C.Should D.Will
(09宣武二模)—Could I have a look at the photo of your family, Sam?
—Of course, you ________. A.need B.can C.could D.must
2.must必须,应该,一定,准是,表示说话人认为有必要做某事,命令,要求别人做某事以及对事物的推测。must 用来指一般现在时和一般将来时,过去可用have to 的过去代替。 例:I must finish my work today.我今天必须完成我的工作。
You mustn?t work all the time.你不能老是工作。
Must I return the book tomorrow? 我必须明天还书吗?
After such a long walk, you must be tired.走了这么长的路,你一定累了。 He must be the man I am looking for.他一定是我要找的人。
He had to go because of somebody s calling him that day.那天他要走是因为有人叫他。 must + have+过去分词,表示现在对过去事物的推测。
例:He must have told my parents about it.他一定把这件事情告诉我父母亲了。
He must have received my letter now.他现在一定收到我的信了。
It?s six o?clock already, we must have been late again.已经六点钟了,我们一定又迟到了。 (10西城二模 )——Must I stay here with you?
——No, you _______. Just do your own business. A、mustn?t B、needn?t C、can?t D、may not (09朝阳二模)—Excuse me, must I finish my homework now?
—No, you ________ You can hand it in tomorrow. A.mustn?t B.needn?t C.shouldn?t D.wouldn?t
(09东城二模)—Who is that man?
—That ________ be Mr. Green. He always walks this way. Hi! Mr. Green. A.Can B.may C.need D.must
(09 石景山一摸)—________ I go swimming with Dad, Mom?
— No, you needn?t. You can stay at home. A.Must B.May C.Would D.Can
3.may(might)可以,表示说话人同意,许可或请求对方许可。可表示可能推测,might可能性较小。此外,may放在肯定句句首表祝愿。
例:You may take the book home.你可以把书带回家去.
May I come in? 我可以进来吗?
May I use your dictionary? 我可以用你的词典吗? You may put on more clothes.你可以多穿点衣服。
He said he might lend us some money.他说他可以借给我们一些钱。 May you succeed! 祝你成功!
May的否定形式为may not,缩写形是mayn?t。might 是may 的过去,有两种用法,一种表示过去,一种表示虚拟语气,使语气更加委婉,客气或对可能性的怀疑。
例:He told me he might be here on time.他说他能按时间来。
Might I borrow some money now.现在我可以借点钱吗? He might be alive.他可能还活着。
(10宣武二模)——May I copy your homework? ——Sorry. You ______.
A. may not B. needn?t C. mustn?t D. won?t (09海淀二模)—May I go out and play games.?
—No, you ________. You've got a lot of work to do. A.can't B.needn't C.wouldn't D.don't
(09石景山二模)—Tom, don?t play with fire; you ________ hurt yourself.
—OK, mum. A.Should B.may C.must D.need
4.need需要,多用在否定或疑问句中。
例:Need I attend the meeting tomorrow? 我需要明天参加会议吗?
You need not hand in the paper this week.这一周你不必交论文。
need 是一个情态动词,他的用法完全和其他情态动词一样,但need 还可当作实义动词使用,这时need 就像其他动词一样,有第三人称,单复数,后面加带to 的动词等特性。 作实义动词need的用法: need sth. need to do
need doing= need to be done 主动表被动
例:I need a bike to go to school.我上学需要一辆自行车。
Do you need a dictionary? 你需要词典吗? She needs a necklace.她需要一条项链。
needn?t + have+过去分词表示过去做了没必要做的事情。
例:You needn?t have taken it seriously. 这件事情你不必太认真。 It?s hot today, and you needn?t have worn so much. dare 敢多用在否定或疑问句中。
例:The little girl dare not speak in public.小女孩不敢在公众面前说话。
Dare you catch the little cat? 你敢抓小猫吗?
(09西城一摸)You ________ return the book now. You can keep it till next week.
A.should B.mustn't C.needn't D.may
5.will, would用于疑问句表示说话人向对方提出请求或询问,用would比will更婉转,客气。 例:It?s hot. Will you open the windows? 天气太热了,你能打开窗户吗?
Will you help me to work it out? 你能帮我解这道题吗? Would you like some coffee? 给你来点咖啡怎样?
6.shall, should 表示命令,警告,允诺,征求,劝告,建议惊奇。 例:You should hand in the exercise book.你应该交作业本儿了。
This should be no problem.这应该没问题。 Shall we go now.我们现在可以走了吗? Why should I meet him? 为什么我要见他?
7.have to 不得不,必须,表示客观条件只能如此,而must则表示主观思想必须。 例:I have to go now.我现在得走了。
I have to cook for my child.我得给孩子做饭。
You must be here on time next time.你下次一定要按时来。
We must go to get the timetable ourselves.我们一定要自己去拿时刻表。
重点难点解析
难点一、比较can和be able to 1. can / could表示能力;可能(过去时用could),只用于现在和过去(could)。be able to可以用于各种时态且有人称和数的变化。
例:They will be able to tell you the news soon.他很快就能告诉你消息了。 2. 只用be able to的情况: (1)位于助动词后。 (2)情态动词后。
(3)表示过去某时刻动作时。 (4)用于句首表示条件。
(5)表示成功地做了某事时,只能用was/were able to,不能用could。
例:He was able to flee Europe before the war broke out. = He managed to flee Europe before the war broke out.
注意:could 不表示时态的情况:
(1)提出委婉的请求,(注意在回答中不可用could)。
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