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Is he the man who/that wants to see you?（who/that在从句中作主语）
He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.（whom/that在从句中作宾语）
2) whose 用来指人或物，（只用作定语，若指物，它还可以同of which互换），例如： Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green.
3) which, that 它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等，例如：
A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside.（which / that在句中作宾语） The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. (which / that在句中作宾语) 关系代词that和which 都可以指物，that 和Who 都可以指人，其用法区别： 不用that的情况：
a) 在引导非限定性定语从句时
(错)The tree, that is four hundred years old, is very famous here. b) 介词后不能用
We depend on the land from which we get our food. c) 多用who 的情况
①关系代词在从句中做主语
A friend who helps you in time of need is a real friend.
②先行词为those, people 时
Those who were either fools or unfit for their offices could not see the cloth. ③先行词为all, anyone, ones, one 指人时
One who doesn't work hard will never succeed in his work. ④在There be句型中
There is a stranger who wants to see you. ⑤在被分隔的定语从句中
A new teacher will come tomorrow who will teach you German.
⑥在有两个定语从句的句子中，其一用who，其二用that,但若先行词后接两个以上的并列定语从句时，后一个必须重复前一个关系代词。
The student who was praised at the meeting is the monitor that is very modest and studies very hard. There is a teacher who is always ready to help others and who enjoys what he does. 2) 只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况
a)在不定代词，如：anything, nothing, everything, all, much, few, any, little等作先行词时，只用that，不用which。 All that is needed is a supply of oil.
Finally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police. b)先行词有the only, the very, the just修饰时，只用that。 He is the very man that helped the girl out of the water. c)先行词为序数词(the last)、数词、形容词最高级时，只用that。
The first English book that I read was \d)先行词既有人，又有物时。
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He talked about the teachers and schools that he visited. e)当主句是以who 或which 开始的特殊疑问句时，用that 以避免重复。 Who is the person that is standing at the gate. f)关系代词在从句中做表语
He is not the man that he used to be. 2 、关系副词引导的定语从句
关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点、方式或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。
关系副词when, where, why, how的含义相当于\介词+ which\结构，因此常常和\介词+ which\结构交替使用，例如： There are occasions when (on which) one must yield. Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born.
Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer? I'm surprised the way how (by which) he works out the problem. 注意：①在非限制性定语从句中，\介词+ which\结构不能代替关系副词。
如：They set up a state for their own , where they would be free to keep Negroes as slaves. ②含有介词短语的动词一般不能拆开，介词仍放在动词后面。 Is this the book which (that) she was looking for?
3、名词/数词/代词 /形容词最高级 + 介词 + 关系代词引导定语从句 She has written a book , the name of which I have forgotten.
There are fifty-five students in our class , all of whom are working hard. There are five continents in the world , the largest of which is Asia.
4、as, which 引导非限定性定语从句的差别 由as, which 引导的非限定性定语从句，as和which可代整个主句，相当于and this或and that。As一般放在句首，which在句中。
As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health.
The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us. as可引导非限制性从句，常带有“正如”的意思。 As is know, smoking is harmful to one's health. 用法区别：
(1) as 引导的定语从句可置于句首，而which不可。
As we all know, he never smokes.
(2) as 代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时，从句中的谓语必须是系动词；若为行为动词，则从句中的关系代词只能用which。
(3)非限定性定语从句中出现expect, think, suppose 等表示猜测、想象、预料等时。 She succeeded in her doing the research work , as we expected.
(4)As 的用法 the same? as; such?as 中的as 是一种固定结构, 和??一样??。 I should like to use the same tool as is used here. We should have such a dictionary as he is using.
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宾语从句
一、宾语从句的语序必须是陈述语序。如：
Do you know why winter is colder than summer?你知道为什么冬季比夏季冷吗?
二、宾语从句与主句的时态要相互呼应。
主句是现在或将来时态时，从句可用任何所需要的时态。主句是过去时态时，从句要用表示过去的相应的时态。但如果从句中有明确表示过去的时间状语，则从句应用一般过去时，不用过去完成时；如从句表达的是客观规律或真理时，用一般现在时。如：
He said he had finished his studies when the war broke out.他说战争爆发时，他已经完成了学业。
三、如宾语从句有自己的宾语补足语，则用it作形式宾语，而把宾语从句后置。其句型为：“主语+谓语+it+补足语+宾语从句”。如：
We think it important that we should master at least one foreign language. 我们认为掌握至少一门外语是重要的。
注意：
(1)连词that引导的名词性从句很少作介词的宾语，只用在except,but和in等少数几个介词后。其它一些介词的宾语从句如由连词that引导，则需用it先行一步，作形式宾语。如：
He is a good student except that he is careless.他是个好学生，只不过有点粗心。 See to it that children don't catch cold.当心孩子别感冒了。
(2)that引导表语从句时，在句中无词义，只起连接作用，但不可省去。His idea is that we should go there at once.他主张我们立即去那儿。
四、连词whether可引导主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句，不可省。if引导宾语从句。
(1)宾语从句是肯定句时，whether,if可互换；但whether常和or not连用，宾语从句是否定句时，一般用if引导。如：
I don't know if/whether I should tell you.不知我是否应告诉你。 I wonder whether it is true or not.不知这是不是真的。 I don't care if it doesn't rain.天下不下雨我不会在乎。
(2)作介词宾语时，只能用whether,不能用if。如：
Everything depends on whether we have enough experience.一切都取决于我们是否有足够的经验。 五、that引导宾语从句时不可省的几种情况： 1.that宾语从句的状语部分位于从句前部时。
I promised that if anyone could set me free,I would make him king over the earth. 我曾许诺如果有人把我放了，我就让他成为全世界的国王。 2.当主句的状语部分位于that宾语从句前时。
Abraham Lincoln later said himself that he only went to school a little now and a little then. 亚伯拉罕·林肯自己后来说他只不过是时断时续地接受教育。
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3.主句的谓语动词与宾语从句之间有插入语时。
When he got to England,he found,however,that his English was too limited. 然而当他到英国时，他发现他的英语很有限。
4.当一个谓语动词带两个或两个以上的that引导的宾语从句时。
Then he said that French was the most beautiful tongue in the world,and that we must keep it among us and never forget it.
他说，法语是世界上最美的语言，我们必须坚持说法语，永远也不要忘记它。 5.宾语从句是双宾语中的直接宾语时。
I must never tell anyone that I could not see the cloth. 我决不能告诉任何人我看不到那布。
6.宾语从句的主语是this/that，或用this/that修饰主语时。 He said that that was a good idea.他说那是个好主意。 7.在直接引语中，主句和宾语从句被隔开时。
“I'm sorry to tell you,”he said,“that you didn't watch carefully enough what I did.” 我很遗憾的告诉大家，你们没有仔细观察我所做的一切。 8.宾语从句的主语是非谓语动词或主语从句时。
The old lady then explained that what she was looking for was a pair of gloves for a girl. 那位老太太解释说她在为一个女孩找一双手套
直接引语间接引语
直接引语(Direct Speech)就是原封不动地引用原话,即重复,要把它放在引号内。间接引语(Reported Speech)或者(Indirect Speech)是用自己的话转述别人的话,不用引号。例如:The girl said, \女孩说:\我对玛西娅十分恼火。\女孩说她对玛西娅十分恼火。
直接引语变间接引语的方法:
1. 陈述句:主语+引述动词+that/to me+引导的宾语从句 Sandy said, \
Sandy said that she could have the school party at her home. 2.一般疑问句:主语+引述动词+if/ whether 引导的宾语从句 The teacher asked the girl student, \The teacher asked the girl student if she was sure her answer was right. 3.特殊疑问句:主语+引述动词+疑问词引导的宾语从句 Mother asked, \
Mother asked me what kind of fruit I liked. 4.祈使句:
肯定句变为:主语+引述动词ask/tell/order等+ sb. to do sth. 否定句变为:主语+引述动词ask/tell/order等+ sb. not to do sth.
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