上海市普陀区2017届高三第一学期教学质量调研英语试卷(word版)

A Question of Judgment

Human beings are, in principle, poor at considering background information when making individual decisions. At first glance, this might seem like a strength that __41__ people the ability to make judgments which are independent of __42__ factors. But in a world of quotas（配额）and limits—__43___, the world in which most professional people operate—Dr. Simonsohn reported in Psychological Science that it was actually a weakness since an inability to consider the big picture was leading decision-makers to be biased(有偏见）by the daily samples they were working with. For example, he supposed that a judge fearful of appearing too soft on crime might be more likely to send someone to prison ___44___ he had already sentenced five or six other defendants（被告）only to forced community service on that day.

To __45_ this idea, Dr. Simonsohn. and his assistants turned their attention to the university-admissions process. Admissions officers interview hundreds of applicants every year, at a rate of 4% a day, and can offer entry to about 40% of them. In theory, the ___46__ of an applicant should not depend on the few others ___47__ randomly for interview during the same day, but Dr. Simonsohn suspected the truth was otherwise.

He studied the results of 9,323 MBA interviews ___48___ by 31 admissions officers. The interviewers had rated applicants on a scale of one to five. This scale ___49___ numerous factors, including communication skills, personal drive, team-working ability and personal accomplishments, into consideration. The scores from this rating were ___50___ used in conjunction with an applicant's score on the GMAT, a standardized exam which is __51___ out of 800 points, to make a decision on whether to accept him or her.

Dr. Simonsohn found if the score of the previous candidate in a daily series of interviewees was 0.75 points or more higher than that of the one _52_ that, then the score for the next applicant would __53__ by an average of 0.075 points. This might sound small, but to reverse the effects of such a decrease, a candidate would need 30 more GMAT points than would otherwise have been necessary.

As for why people behave this way, Dr. Simonsohn proposes that after accepting a number of strong candidates, interviewers might form the illogical expectation that a __54__ candidate “is due”. Regardless of the reason, if this sort of thinking proves to have a similar effect on the judgments of those in other fields, such as law and medicine, it could be responsible for far worse things than the __55__ of qualified business-school candidates.

41. A. grants 42. A. minor 43. A. above all 44. A. if 45. A. test 46. A. decision 47. A. found 48. A. inspired 49. A. put 50. A. instead 51. A. selected 52. A. below 53. A. jump 54. A. stronger 55. A. rejection B. equips B. external B. not to mention B. until B. emphasize B. quality B. studied B. expressed B. got B. then B. passed B. after B. float B. weaker B. reception C. denies C. crucial C. on the whole C. though C. share C. status C. chosen C. conducted C. took C. ever C. marked C. above C. flow C. better C. reputation D. delivers D. objective D. in other words D. unless D. promote D. success D. identified D. secured D. gave D. rather D. introduced D. before D. drop D. worse D. recreation

Section B 22%

Directions： Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or

unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.

(A).

Roald Dahl - the author who entertained people with classics like Matilda, Charlie and the Chocolate Factory and James and the Giant Peach - would have been 100 years old this year. Roald Dahl is most famous for the books he wrote for children, but he also wrote novels and short stories for adults, screenplays, and non-fiction, too!

Roald Dahl was born near Cardiff, in Wales in 1916. His parents were from Norway, and they named him after Roald Amundsen, the famous Norwegian explorer. Roald was sent off to boarding school when he was only nine years old. He was very homesick, and had a hard time obeying the strict teachers and the headmaster. In those days, teachers would sometimes hit their students with a cane (藤条）when they misbehaved. This naturally made a lot of children very afraid of their teachers! Later on, Roald integrated this fear and distrust of adults into many of his children's books.

During World War II, Roald joined the Royal Air Force and flew missions over Africa, the Mediterranean, and the Middle East. At one point, his plane crashed in the Libyan Desert. He was temporarily blinded, and stranded in the middle of nowhere with a cracked skull and a broken nose. Fortunately, he was rescued, and within a few months had made a complete recovery. After his injuries forced him to leave the Air Force, Roald began writing. His first published piece was a magazine article about his plane crash. During the 1950s, he became an accomplished writer of short stories for adults. These stories usually featured mystery, suspense, and a twist ending.

In 1961, Roald published James and the Giant Peach, which tells the story of a young boy who attempts to escape from his two nasty, abusive aunts. The boy finally gets away by sailing across the ocean inside a magical. giant peach and befriends the giant bugs that live inside it. James and the Giant Peach was prompted by the bedtime stories Roald would make up for his young daughters. He said that it was a challenge to keep them interested and attentive--- he had to make his stories funny, exciting, and original. In 1964, he wrote his most famous book--- Charlie and the Chocolate Factory, in which a poor boy wins a “golden ticket” to tour a mysterious world.

56. How did Roald Dahl’s experiences in World War II influence his later writing?

A. He was a pilot, and his first publication was about a plane crash.

B. He was in Navy, and his first publication dealt with life aboard a ship.

C. He was in the Army, and his first publication was set in Nazi-occupied Europe. D. He worked in a military factory, and his first publication was about factory life. 57. Many of Roald Dahl’s children’s stories were inspired by ______ .

A. a vacation he took with his grandparents B. his relationship with his parents C. his time in the military

D. his time away at boarding school 58. What led Roald Dahl to write James and the Giant Peach?

A. His lifelong love of peaches.

B. The bedtime stories he told his daughters. C. The insects he found in his garden.

D. The cruelty he experienced at the hands of his aunts. 59. Which of these statements is an opinion about Roald Dahl?

A. He was the greatest children's author of the 20th century. B. He published more than a dozen books for children.

C. James and the Giant Peach was his first book for children. D. Several of his books were adapted into successful movies.

(B) Holiday Plus Need a break? Choose from these three wonderful holidays! Pelican Resort A true Cedar Lodge A Mountain Lodge A coral island right on the mixture of casual unique wilderness retreat on the Great Barrier Reef (大堡atmosphere and rich edge of the World 礁） rainforest surroundings for Heritage-listed National Park Swim straight for the those over 25 and only 5 km from the sea beach Holiday location Price* $330 $580 $740 Number of 2 4 4 nights Daily meals included in Mountain buffet breakfast Free Hot breakfast Beach picnic Tropical breakfast Picnic package lunch 4-course dinner lunch (optional extra) soft drink always available Renovation: resort will Free canoeing Free talks in the close for May Oldest living rainforest evening Free open-air tennis Free minibus trip Comments Free bikes and tennis courts Horse-riding (optional around island courts; horse-riding extra extra) Plane flights to Wilson Island only $50 Transport 10 mins by taxi to/from Self-drive auto 1h 15m Bus 1/2 hour by minibus airport three times/week approx.2 hours *Price： per person, per package, twin share Children 11 years and under are 50%. Children 4 years and under are free.

60. Which holiday location doesn’t welcome young children?

A. Mountain Lodge. B. Cedar Lodge. B. Pelican Resort. D. None of the above.

61. According to the holiday advertisement, which of the following is NOT TRUE? A. Both Mountain Lodge and Pelican Resort are close to the coast. B. Tourists can't visit Pelican Resort in May because of the restoration. C. All meals are included if tourists choose to go to the Pelican Resort. D. Canoeing and cycling are provided at no extra cost at Cedar Lodge.

62. A holiday in Mountain Lodge for a couple with 12-year-old twin girls and a 3-year-old boy costs A. $825

B. $990

C. $1320

D. $1650

(C)

France, which prides itself as the global innovator of fashion, has decided its fashion industry has lost an absolute right to define physical beauty for woman. Its lawmakers gave preliminary （初步） approval last week to a law that would make it a crime to employ ultra-thin models on catwalks. The parliament also agreed to ban websites that advocate “excessive thinness” by promoting extreme dieting.

Such measures have a couple of uplifting motives. They suggest beauty should not be defined by looks that end up with impinging on health. That’s a start. And the ban on ultra-thin models seems to go beyond protecting models from starving themselves to health, as some have done. It tells the fashion industry that it must take responsibility for the signal it sends to women, especially teenage girls, about the social standard they must use to determine their individual worth.

The bans, if fully enforced, would suggest to woman (and many men) that they should not let others be judges of their beauty. And perhaps faintly, they hint that people should look to other qualities like character and intellect rather than dieting their way to size zero or wasp-waist (黄蜂腰体型).

The French measures, however, rely too much on severe punishment to change a culture that still regards beauty as skin-deep and bone-showing. Under the law, using a fashion model that does not meet a government-defined index of body mess could result in a $85,000 fine and six months in prison.

The fashion industry knows it has an inherent problem in focusing on material decoration and idealized body types. In Denmark, the United States, and a few other countries, it is trying to set voluntary standard for models and fashion images that rely more on peer pressure for enforcement.

In contrast to France’s actions, Denmark’s fashion industry agreed last month on rules and punishments regarding age, health, and other characteristics of models. The newly revised Danish Fashion Ethical Charter (伦理准则）dearly states: “We are aware of and take responsibility for the

impact the fashion industry has on body ideals, especially on young people.^

Relying on ethical persuasion rather than law to address the misuse of body ideals may be the best step. Even better would be to help elevate concepts of beauty beyond the material standards of a particular industry.