综合英语教程第三版第二册Unit 14课文

Unit 14 New York City and Its Immigration Culture

In the span of just a few centuries, what is now New York City went from a verdant wilderness on the edge of the known world to a sprawling megalopolis that commands international attention. Still, with all its size and frenetic energy, New Yorkers remain stubbornly sentimental about the city they call home. Painters, writers and filmmakers have tried to capture its essence and appeal. But nothing compares to actually being there, walking the streets, and soaking in the unique, syncopated rhythm of the city. Unlike cities such as Rome or Beijing, New York cannot look back on millennia of development and history. Even so, unprecedented growth and prosperity over a relatively short time has raised New York to the level of the greatest cities of civilization. Concentrated into a relatively small space, “The City”, as people call it, is a world of commerce, imagination, diversity, and productivity. The city actually consists of five boroughs: Manhattan, Brookyn, the Bronx, Queens, and Staten Island. Yet, when people speak of New York City, they generally are talking about the island of Manhattan. This is where it started. This is where the vitality of the city is most evident. This is where the buildings scrape the sky. Immigration has had a profound impact on the texture of American culture. And New York City serviced as the primary entry ponit on the Atlantic coast for immigrants to the United States. In the late 1800s and early 1900s, millions of people emigrated from Europe to the United States to escape economic, political, and social hardships. In 1892, the US government opened an immigration facility on Ellis Island, in New York Harbor, that processed more than 12 million people over a period of 62 years. Two-thirds of the immigrants only passed through New York on their way to other parts of the United States, while others poured into New York City, most notable the Lower East Side of Manhattan. Because they shared a common language and culture, immigrants from the same country tended to settle close together, creating unique neighborhoods that survive to this day. In the late nineteenth century, Chinese immigrants started to move into Lower Manhattan. Throughout the twentieth century, Chinatown continued to expand, maintaining its distinct Chinese character as New York City grew up around it. Today, a walk through Chinatown is like a trip to the other side of the world with Chinese spoken everywhere and signs in Chinese characters. The restaurants serve unique foods, and the shops sell items from Beijing and Shanghai. The first three decades of the twentieth century brought massive waves of Italians to the United States. A large percentage of these immigrants settled in the five boroughs of New York City. As the years went on, Italian neighborhoods started to disappear but one remained strong — Little Italy, just north of Chinatown and centered on Mulberry street, is a neighborhood of restaurants, shops and businesses owned by descendants of Italian immigrants. The neighborhood is much smaller now than it used to be, but you can still walk down Mulberry Street and have a dish of flavorful pasta or a frothy cup of cappuccino. In 1954, the immigration facility on Ellis Island closed. But the main building

was later renovated and is now open as a museum and research center exploring the American immigrant experience. Americans can research records and ship manifests to learn when their ancestors arrived at the United States. Ellis Island is a short ferry ride from Battery Park in Manhattan and is a popular destination for both tourists and schoolchildren. The ferry to Ellis Island also takes visitors to nearby Liberty Island to see a famous symbol of America, the Statue of Liberty. This statue, designed by sculptor Frederic-Auguste Bartholdi, was a gift from France to the United States to acknowledge the friendship established between the two countries during the American Revolution. Dedicated in 1886, the Statue of Liberty towered over New York Harbor and was one of the first sights seen by immigrants when their ships sailed into the harbor.

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A Potted History of New York City

By Thomas W. Santos

There are many reasons why New York became the leading city that it is. The most compelling reason is its large, deep natural harbor. In the 1500s, European explorers marveled at the potential this protected body of water had as a seaport and trading center. Before the Europeans arrived, the area around what is now lower New York State, New Jersey, and Delaware was inhabited by the Lenape, an Algonquin-speaking nation of hunter-gatherers. According to the history books, the first European to set eyes on New York harbor was Giovanni da Verrazano, an Italian explorer scouting the Atlantic coast of America in 1594 for the French crown. He apparently did not stay long, but the Verrazano-Narrows Bridge that connects Brooklyn and Staten Island is named for him. The first European to map this region in earnest was the English explorer Henry Hudson. He was working for the Dutch East India Company, which had contracted him to find a trading passage to Asia by sailing west across the Atlantic. In 1609, during his exploration of the Atlantic coast, he sailed into New York Harbor and up what is now the Hudson River. He never found the passage, but the Dutch laid claim to the land he had explored. In 1613, they established a fur trading post on the extreme southern end of Manhattan island and later called it New Amsterdam, also dubbing the surrounding area New Netherlands. In 1626, Peter Minuit, the director general of the Dutch trading venture, “purchased” the whole of Manhattan from the Lenape, giving them tools, blankets and other goods in trade. It is doubtful that the Lenape saw this trade as a true purchase in the European sense, and later this clash of cultures would bring the Native Americans and the European settlers into conflict. New Amsterdam, clinging to the sourthern tip of Manhattan, was not a success at first. It attracted all sorts of rough and unseemly settlers who made the little colony a

fairly lawless place. In 1647, the Dutch East India Company sent a hard, humorless man named Peter Stuyvesant to clean it up. He did just that, disciplining the population and encouraging further settlement. New Amsterdam was starting to attract all sorts of people, making it a distinctly diverse place. In 1664, the British, who had formed colonies all around New Netherlands, forced the Dutch to hand over the colony. The British immediately renamed it New York. From the beginning, New York was the leading economic and cultural center of North America. During the American Revolutionary war, the city was targeted by the British, who sent a massive war fleet into New York harbor in June to July of 1776. In late August, the British soundly defeated the revolutionary army in the Battle of Long Island. The British maintained control of New York Harbor until the end of the war. After the United States won independence, New York was briefly the new US capital, and the first president, George Washington, was inaugurated there in 1789. But the capital was transferred to Philadelphia the following year and eventually to Wahington, D.C.

In 1825, with the opening of the Erie Canal, which connected the Hudson River to the Great Lakes and opened shipping to the Midwest, New York became the premier American port on the Atlantic coast. Within 15 years, the city's population more than doubled. Over the next century, the city continued to grow, easily becoming the largest city in the New World.

In 1898, New York expanded beyond Manhattan Island when what became known as \was instituted. In one moment, New York City more than doubled its size and population by incorparating the boroughs of the Bronx, Queens, Brooklyn, and Staten Island. Before this historic transition, Brooklyn itself was already one of the largest cities in the country. This binding together of millions of New Yorkers was further strengthened six years later in 1904 with the opening of the New York City Subway, which made it possible to traverse the city with relative ease.

Throughout the twentieth century, New YorkCity maintained its claim as the largest and most dynamic city in the world. As the now familiar skyline rose, American business and entertainment found in New York a fertile ground for growth.Trade and commerce, art and music, literature and journalism all thrived in this dynamic environment. And now in the twenty-first century, even as other cities in the world have become large, exciting metropolises, New York still holds a place in the world's imagination as a city where dreams can be realised, where anything is possible.