奥尔夫和柯达伊音乐教育体系的启示意义

promotion of employment, form a reasonable and orderly pattern of income distribution, build a more fair and sustainable social security systems, medical and health system reform. The plenary, innovation of social governance, must focus on the maintenance of fundamental interests of the overwhelming majority of the people, maximize factors, enhance social development, improving social governance, the interests of national security, ensure that the people live and work, social stability and order. o improve social governance, stimulating social organization, innovative and effective system of preventing and resolving social conflicts, improving the public security system, set up the National Security Council, national security systems and national security strategy to ensure national security. Plenary session, the construction of ecological civilization, you must establish systems of ecological system, using the system to protect the ecological environment. o improve naturalresources asset property right system and use control, red line of delimitation of ecological protection, resources paid use system and ecological compensation system in ecological environment protection management system reform. Plenary session, centering on building a listening party command, can win and having a fine style of the people's army, a strong army under the new situation of the party Goals, restricting the development of national defense and army building is solved outstanding contradictions and problems, innovation and development of military theory, enhance military strategic guidance, improve he military strategy in the new period, building a modern military force system with Chinese characteristics. o deepen the adjustment of personnel system reform in the army, military policy and system reform, promote the development of military and civilian integration depth. Plenary session stressed that comprehensive reform must be to strengthen and improve theparty's leadership, give full play to the core role of the party commands the overall situation and coordinating all parties, improving the party's leading water ... Margin. Challenged the leadership of the Communist Party of China, Marxism-Leninism and Mao Zedong thought by Deng Xiao-ping's flag, replaced by three representatives and the harmonic society. The former Communist Party spirit and social cohesion point of almost all political makeover. Characteristics of socialism public ownership is shifting to private ownership, planned regulation and market regulation, the proletarian regime controlled by the elite. Of universal equality, fairness and basic principles of distribution system is socialist society, however after economic monopolized by powerful, vested interests growemployers do not have the same status, hardly seems fair social distribution. State key protection of capital interests rather than the interests of citizens, had been hits the bottom of the proletariat 奥尔夫和柯达伊音乐教育体系的启示意义

德国著名音乐教育家奥尔夫强调儿童是音乐教育的主体，注重培养儿童的音乐创造力；匈牙利音乐教育家柯达伊的原则是继承发展民族音乐文化，让音乐属于每个人，而且重视儿童早期音乐教育。在目前我国由应试教育向素质教育的转变中，吸收他们的理论和方法，应具有积极的作用。

如何使孩千们在儿童时期就能接受到良好的音乐教育，一直是教育理论

界关注的焦点。改革开放以来，国外一些音乐教育思想和方法先后传人国内， 例如德国的奥尔夫教育体系、匈牙利的柯达伊教育体系、瑞士的达尔克罗兹 体态律动学、日本的铃木教学法、美国的综合音乐感法等，对音乐教育产生 了很大影响。本文尝试对萁中有代表性的奥尔夫教育体系和和I达伊教育体系 进行分析，并指出其启示意义。 若一首乐曲含有某一种情绪的象征，作者将之融汇于音乐中那些抒发情绪的声音 中，那这音乐便能成为好的音乐。可是若音乐只能局限于语言的层而，那它就不是有音乐感的;若音乐的教导只给学生一个印象或将某些情绪象征地用了一些形容情绪的符号来代替，那么这个教导也是没有音乐感的。

音乐不可以说是一种语言，它不是一种非文字的言语，例如数字、音乐符号或身体语言等等。它也不是一种“没有定义的语言’，音乐好像是一种“不合格的语言”，就像我们不懂得如何运用文字去表达清楚的意思，T是要表达的东西便显得十分含糊，但事实上，音乐及其他艺术都不是含糊的，它们是精确地做着它们应做的事情。

②音乐是否是自我表达的一种媒介

常听到有关对音乐与情绪关系的见解，即音乐乃是一种“情绪(或感情)的 表达”。若真要有效的表达情绪或自我表达，那人的行为必须是可看到的，是公开的，与当时所要表达的情绪有紧密的关系。如快乐时的大叫大跳，镇静时的颇抖，害怕时的惊叫，悲哀时的硬咽。这些全都是有效的表达情绪的方法，也就是我们拥有的真正“情绪的语言”。每一种身体的动作都是一种情绪表达的象征，这些情绪言语是自然流露，完全自觉不受某种特定形式的控制，不需要某特定艺术形式的限制。若一个人的行为是受过多次的排练，有着自我意识，受着某种形式的限制，我们会强烈的怀疑这些情绪的表达是否真诚。若一个艺术家只是将在创作时某些特定的情绪表达在作品中，他的艺术作品肯定是没有艺术性的，因为这部作品没有由艺术之特质组织起来，一个自然的行为没有任何艺术性的特质，它是自我表达的，而对情绪特制的创作就需要一个“加工”的过程。这包括r对思想的控制，与情绪的单纯流露有着相反的方向，因为情绪的发放是将之完全释放出去，如一声啼哭。可是无论是创造性的作曲家或演奏家，若他太多地进行个人的自我表达，那便很容易失去音乐卜的恰当表达。例如一位歌唱家演唱一首感人的歌曲，当他在完全表达自己的情绪时，突然泪如泉涌，音乐表达就会无法继续，虽然许多人也会被他当时的情绪所感动，但却无法继续欣赏音乐，感受音乐。苏珊·朗格(susannrianger)在《艺术的问题》(1957)一书中曾讲到，“艺术家在作品中描绘一种悲惨的情感，无须是在个人的悲哀情况下创作出来的’，事实上，也没有许多人能在此情况卜创作，因为他的脑海里已被各种困扰支配着，而自我表达也无须创作出来或显示给人看，若观众真的盼望观看艺术家真情的流露，也许看一个因肚饿而啼哭的婴儿更为真实，可是却没有人如此做。

若音乐真的是音乐家或演奏家在当时的自我感情抒发，我们现有的音乐教育

bviously, face China's Socialist system, the Communist Party is not the party. In that case, political chaos has been very tight. Is remodeling or reconstruction, is a correction or a stove. Whether to turn right or left, is back to the source or put forward new political ideas. This is to determine the road problems in China, is also the key out of the deep water of the reform of the economic system. After 18, the new Central collective leadership attaches great importance to political orientation. First, the \cles\ng point, starting from the Central Government's self-restraint, which preaches and pro-image, brought fresh feeling to the community. Secondly, before reform and opening up and reform and opening two periods after non-negative, untying the tangle of the society a long time on this issue. Third, a new generation of party leaders on various occasions to Mao Ze-Dong and Mao Ze-Dong's thought of evaluation has room for manoeuvre, through to the ruling ideology of Mao Zedong thought, is the call of the soul to the Socialist Revolution and construction. Empty talks jeopardize national interests and try again, is an affirmation of Deng Xiao-ping's reform ideas. These strong political signal showing a new generation of political leaders is still keeping to the Socialist road. Four is revisiting the \o Ze-Dong's historical cycle of\ofile anti-corruption and the importance of the Constitution, reorganization is bad style of officialdom, was to civilize people obey the law, while improving the color change of the regime of vigilance. Five is to reform into deeper waters and stressed that top-level design, this is a review on the reform and opening up in the past, is also looking for a way out. Six foreign and Russia closer, the flexible attitude on the issue of the Korean peninsula, Sino-Japanese fishing hardline China on the island out of the \nt\ow profile shadow began to gradually plan development. Signs show that the new leadership began to make a left turn in politics. However, as of right now, not only ideological confusion in the community, the new leadership's thinking is messy. New leaders both stressed the need to implement the Constitution, stressed the need to turn off the power in a cage. Also stresses that Mao Zedong thought cannot be lost, 30 years after the reform and opening up 30 years ago can not deny each other. Both advocate democracy and release \n does not speak of\cal constraints. Neither deny the history of the CPC Central Committee on several issues ...Comrades: today brings together members, mainly in order to provide a platform to Exchange and learn from each other in order to facilitate our work. Just now, we focus on taxation, planning and stability, safety, project construction, typical topics such as private facts presentation and interaction, and towns currently exist in the in-depth analysis of the problems to be solved, to explore new methods to solve the problem. It can be said that summing up the achievement, no grandstanding; analysispromotion of employment, form a reasonable and orderly pattern of income distribution, build a more fair and sustainable social security systems, medical and health system reform. The plenary, innovation of social governance, must focus on the maintenance of fundamental interests of the overwhelming majority of the people, maximize factors, enhance social development, improving social governance, the interests of national security, ensure that the people live and work, social stability and order. o improve social governance, stimulating social organization, innovative and effective system of preventing and resolving social conflicts, improving the public security system, set up the National Security Council, national security systems and national security strategy to ensure national security. Plenary session, the construction of ecological civilization, you must establish systems of ecological system, using the system to protect the ecological environment. To improve naturalresources asset property right system and use control, red line of delimitation of ecological protection, resources paid use system and ecological compensation system in ecological environment protection management system reform. Plenary session, centering on building a listening party command, can win and having a fine style of the people's army, a strong army under the new situation of the party Goals, restricting the development of national defense and army building is solved outstanding contradictions and problems, innovation and development of military theory, enhance military strategic guidance, improve the military strategy in the new period, building a modern military force system with Chinese characteristics. o deepen the adjustment of personnel system reform in the army, military policy and system reform, promote the development of military and civilian integration depth. Plenary session stressed that comprehensive reform must be to strengthen and improve theparty's leadership, give full play to the core role of the party commands the overall situation and coordinating all parties, improving the party's leading water ... Margin. Challenged the leadership of the Communist Party of China, Marxism-Leninism and Mao Zedong thought by Deng Xiao-ping's flag, replaced by three representatives and the harmonic society. The former Communist Party spirit and social cohesion point of almost all political makeover. Characteristics of socialism public ownership is shifting to private ownership, planned regulation and market regulation, the proletarian regime controlled by the elite. Of universal equality, fairness and basic principles of distribution system is socialist society, however after economic monopolized by powerful, vested interests growemployers do not have the same status, hardly seems fair social distribution. State key protection of capital interests rather than the interests of citizens, had been hits the bottom of the proletariat 课程与之毫不相千，那我们为什么要学弹奏音阶，学怎样分辨附点节奏及连音，学习转调及奏鸣曲式等?这一切的东西都与自然的感情流露毫无关系。若音乐真的是自我感情的表达，那么任何人在任何时刻都会表达。那么为何我们还要对音乐教育那么重视?其实这是我们对艺术的误解，即把它作为感情的抒发而以为它与真正的知识价值无关。若艺术教育工作者也抱有这种错误态度，就损害了艺术教育最基本的存在价值，而实际上艺术是可以超越“情绪发泄”的。

二、柯达伊音乐教育体系

柯达伊音乐教育体系同奥尔夫音乐教育体系面向儿童、面向元素性的音乐的教育有一定交叉联系，但更多的是补充。匈牙利作曲家、民族音乐理论家、音乐教育家柯达伊-A尔坦的音乐教育原则，就是继承．发展民族音乐文化传统，让音乐属于每个人，成为每个匈牙和人都能理解的语言。柯达伊抱着要使音乐属于全体人民的理想．投身于普通学校音乐教育改革的事业中。柯达伊意识到，青少年被引向音乐下的颓废堕落甚至比成为音乐上的文盲更糟糕，他认为，音乐不是少数人的享受，它是A的一种不可缺少的精神力量。柯达伊音乐教育体系具有以下特点：

1．高度重视儿童形成性格时期的音乐教育柯达伊音乐教育体系从整体上足建立任儿童早期音乐教育基础上的。儿童在这一时期体验、获得的东西，培养形成的良好趣味，会影响他们的一生。

2．以优秀民间音乐和创作歌曲的演唱(主要是合唱)为基础 柯达伊在儿童音乐教育改革之初，就提出优秀民间音乐应成为幼儿园的主要音乐材料。柯达伊认为，小孩于唱歌和说话一样自然，通过这一人人都能进行的切实可行的、容易奏效的活动，使每个人的歌唱更臻于完善，可以使音乐更深入人心。柯达伊还认为，合唱可以培养圳练多声部听觉。存匈牙利普通中小学音乐救育中合唱是必修课。

3．在音乐教学巾使用首调唱名体系“首调唱名法”使旨阶调式中的每个声音都有了-个名字，在唱出唱名时也就确定了它在调式里的作用。采用这种教学手段，调式感强，相对音也易唱准，即兴伴奏便利，移调方便。

4．以游戏和儿歌为手段，以真正的民间音乐和优秀创作占乐为基础教材。柯达伊认为：“只有最好的才是最适合儿童的”。在柯达伊看来，除符台这一原则的传统民间音乐外，适合于学校教育的作品应该是具有匈牙利风格特色的音乐。柯达伊作为一个热情的民旗主义者，认识到建立民族音乐中心地位的必要性。在学校运用民族和民间歌曲作为音乐教材进行音乐教学，通过这种方法发展个人的音乐能力，开辟建立民族音乐中心的大道。

5．重视音乐教师的选择，注重学校的救育作用

柯达伊曾说：“一个歌唱教师要比一个歌剧指挥重要得多。因为，一个蹩脚的指挥只能令听众失望，但是，一个糟糕的教师会在整整三十年内将学生对音乐的热爱统统扼杀掉。”这句话突出强调了教师的主导作用。

三，两种教育体系的启示 在今天，素质教育巳成为潦人人心的教育理念，以上两种教育体系对我们进行音乐教育改革，提高音乐教育水平有狠多借鉴启示意义。

1．改革教育观念，强调“素质重于知识”。就是主张教育要以学生为中心，奠定学生人生道路的素质基础。奥尔走音乐教育正是从人的自身素质的全面发展出发，强调音乐应该属于每一个人，他有一句格言反复被人运用：。音乐教育悬人的教育”，即音乐教育康墨糖对所有的受教育者，发掘和培养学生昀音乐潜能，

bviously, face China's Socialist system, the Communist Party is not the party. In that case, political chaos has been very tight. Is remodeling or reconstruction, is a correction or a stove. Whether to turn right or left, is back to the source or put forward new political ideas. This is to determine the road problems in China, is also the key out of the deep water of the reform of the economic system. After 18, the new Central collective leadership attaches great importance to political orientation. First, the \cles\ng point, starting from the Central Government's self-restraint, which preaches and pro-image, brought fresh feeling to the community. Secondly, before reform and opening up and reform and opening two periods after non-negative, untying the tangle of the society a long time on this issue. Third, a new generation of party leaders on various occasions to Mao Ze-Dong and Mao Ze-Dong's thought of evaluation has room for manoeuvre, through to the ruling ideology of Mao Zedong thought, is the call of the soul to the Socialist Revolution and construction. Empty talks jeopardize national interests and try again, is an affirmation of Deng Xiao-ping's reform ideas. These strong political signal showing a new generation of political leaders is still keeping to the Socialist road. Four is revisiting the \o Ze-Dong's historical cycle of\ofile anti-corruption and the importance of the Constitution, reorganization is bad style of officialdom, was to civilize people obey the law, while improving the color change of the regime of vigilance. Five is to reform into deeper waters and stressed that top-level design, this is a review on the reform and opening up in the past, is also looking for a way out. Six foreign and Russia closer, the flexible attitude on the issue of the Korean peninsula, Sino-Japanese fishing hardline China on the island out of the \nt\ow profile shadow began to gradually plan development. Signs show that the new leadership began to make a left turn in politics. However, as of right now, not only ideological confusion in the community, the new leadership's thinking is messy. New leaders both stressed the need to implement the Constitution, stressed the need to turn off the power in a cage. Also stresses that Mao Zedong thought cannot be lost, 30 years after the reform and opening up 30 years ago can not deny each other. Both advocate democracy and release \n does not speak of\cal constraints. Neither deny the history of the CPC Central Committee on several issues ...Comrades: today brings together members, mainly in order to provide a platform to Exchange and learn from each other in order to facilitate our work. Just now, we focus on taxation, planning and stability, safety, project construction, typical topics such as private facts presentation and interaction, and towns currently exist in the in-depth analysis of the problems to be solved, to explore new methods to solve the problem. It can be said that summing up the achievement, no grandstanding; analysis promotion of employment, form a reasonable and orderly pattern of income distribution, build a more fair and sustainable social security systems, medical and health system reform. The plenary, innovation of social governance, must focus on the maintenance of fundamental interests of the overwhelming majority of the people, maximize factors, enhance social development, improving social governance, the interests of national security, ensure that the people live and work, social stability and order. o improve social governance, stimulating social organization, innovative and effective system of preventing and resolving social conflicts, improving the public security system, set up the National Security Council, national security systems and national security strategy to ensure national security. Plenary session, the construction of ecological civilization, you must establish systems of ecological system, using the system to protect the ecological environment. o improve naturalresources asset property right system and use control, red line of delimitation of ecological protection, resources paid use system and ecological compensation system in ecological environment protection management system reform. Plenary session, centering on building a listening party command, can win and having a fine style of the people's army, a strong army under the new situation of the party Goals, restricting the development of national defense and army building is solved outstanding contradictions and problems, innovation and development of military theory, enhance military strategic guidance, improve the military strategy in the new period, building a modern military force system with Chinese characteristics. o deepen the adjustment of personnel system reform in the army, military policy and system reform, promote the development of military and civilian integration depth. Plenary session stressed that comprehensive reform must be to strengthen and improve theparty's leadership, give full play to the core role of the party commands the overall situation and coordinating all parties, improving the party's leading water ... Margin. Challenged the leadership of the Communist Party of China, Marxism-Leninism and Mao Zedong thought by Deng Xiao-ping's flag, replaced by three representatives and the harmonic society. The former Communist Party spirit and social cohesion point of almost all political makeover. Characteristics of socialism public ownership is shifting to private ownership, planned regulation and market regulation, the proletarian regime controlled by the elite. Of universal equality, fairness and basic principles of distribution system is socialist society, however after economic monopolized by powerful, vested interests growemployers do not have the same status, hardly seems fair social distribution. State key protection of capital interests rather than the interests of citizens, had been hits the bottom of the proletariat 提高学生的艺术能力和审美意识，提高学生的综合素质。奥尔夫把丰富的音乐教育内容融合任简单的节奏、和声、和弦等音乐要素中，让学生在音乐的整体结构中感受音乐，这种态度和方法有助于改变传统的方法和观念。

2．在以往的音乐教学中．存任着把组成音乐的诸要素或其相关学科相分离的错误教学理念，如把歌词、舞蹈、乐器等彼此剥离，进行教学；还有在教学中先学和声，再学复调等。这种机械的教学片法阻碍了音乐教育的发展。住奥尔天音乐教育体系中，提供了一种新的方法：首先把语言、动作、舞蹈结合进行教学，对于相关学科，奥尔大致力于重建茛问的天然联系，冉结台儿童的牛活体验，阔动和发挥儿童的主动性和积极性。儿童的唱、奏、薪蹈都是建立存学生个性的充分发挥的基础上．注重培养儿童的创造力。

3．我国现有音乐教材，重视欧洲音乐体系，缺乏对我国民族民问旨乐的学习和介绍。在这一点上，柯达伊对民族昔乐文化传统的发扬精神，当足我们的楷模。我国作为一个文明古国，民族民间音乐十分丰富．使学生了解和学习这些民族民间音乐，蛮际上是对我国优秀传统文化的继承和发展。

4．柯达伊音乐体系以演哨(主要是合唱)为基础，由十匈牙利当时经济条件不允许，要使每个学牛部学器乐演奏是不可能的，只仃通过声乐为人民创造接近音乐的机会。我囤改革开放以来，经济有了相当程度的发展，虽然学习器乐的莅子越来越多，但没有条件耍乐器的家庭还很多，尤其广大农村。抓好演唱教学，仍是普及音乐教肯的主要道路。

bviously, face China's Socialist system, the Communist Party is not the party. In that case, political chaos has been very tight. Is remodeling or reconstruction, is a correction or a stove. Whether to turn right or left, is back to the source or put forward new political ideas. This is to determine the road problems in China, is also the key out of the deep water of the reform of the economic system. After 18, the new Central collective leadership attaches great importance to political orientation. First, the \cles\ng point, starting from the Central Government's self-restraint, which preaches and pro-image, brought fresh feeling to the community. Secondly, before reform and opening up and reform and opening two periods after non-negative, untying the tangle of the society a long time on this issue. Third, a new generation of party leaders on various occasions to Mao Ze-Dong and Mao Ze-Dong's thought of evaluation has room for manoeuvre, through to the ruling ideology of Mao Zedong thought, is the call of the soul to the Socialist Revolution and construction. Empty talks jeopardize national interests and try again, is an affirmation of Deng Xiao-ping's reform ideas. These strong political signal showing a new generation of political leaders is still keeping to the Socialist road. Four is revisiting the \o Ze-Dong's historical cycle of\ofile anti-corruption and the importance of the Constitution, reorganization is bad style of officialdom, was to civilize people obey the law, while improving the color change of the regime of vigilance. Five is to reform into deeper waters and stressed that top-level design, this is a review on the reform and opening up in the past, is also looking for a way out. Six foreign and Russia closer, the flexible attitude on the issue of the Korean peninsula, Sino-Japanese fishing hardline China on the island out of the \nt\ow profile shadow began to gradually plan development. Signs show that the new leadership began to make a left turn in politics. However, as of right now, not only ideological confusion in the community, the new leadership's thinking is messy. New leaders both stressed the need to implement the Constitution, stressed the need to turn off the power in a cage. Also stresses that Mao Zedong thought cannot be lost, 30 years after the reform and opening up 30 years ago can not deny each other. Both advocate democracy and release \n does not speak of\cal constraints. Neither deny the history of the CPC Central Committee on several issues ...Comrades: today brings together members, mainly in order to provide a platform to Exchange and learn from each other in order to facilitate our work. Just now, we focus on taxation, planning and stability, safety, project construction, typical topics such as private facts presentation and interaction, and towns currently exist in the in-depth analysis of the problems to be solved, to explore new methods to solve the problem. It can be said that summing up the achievement, no grandstanding; analysis