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?8. 工厂、铁道、枪炮等，这些是物质条件。
?The material conditions are factories, railways, firearms artillery, and the like.
?五、转化法
?将外位语结构转化为名词从句或不定式短语，作为逻辑主语放在句末，另加it作形式主语。 ?9. 敌人的武力是不能征服我们的，这点已经得到证明了。
?It has been proved that the enemy cannot conquer us by force of arms. ?10. 不调查、不研究、提起笔来“硬写”，这是不负责任的态度。
?It is sheer irresponsibility to pick up the pen and “force ourselves to write” without
investigation or study.
?有时也可以将外位语转换成由 as for, as to, as regards 或of 引起的短语，或转化成一个句子，而将原文中其他成分译成同位语或定语从句。
?11. 剩下的帝国主义的经济事业和文化事业，可以让它们暂时存在，由我们加以监督和管制，以待以后再去解决。
?As for the remaining imperialist economic and cultural establishments, they can be allowed to exist for the time being, subject to our supervision and control, to be dealt with later.
?12. 曾经留恋过别的东西的人们，有些人倒下去了，有些人觉悟过来了，有些人正在换脑筋。 ?Of the people who hankered after those ways, some have fallen, some have awakened and some are changing their ideas.
?13.中国产生了共产党，这是开天辟地的大事变。
?In China, the Communist Party was born, an epoch-making event.
?翻译练习：
?1。 小麦、玉米、水稻，这些已经收割完了。
?2. 百花齐放，百家争鸣，这是促进艺术发展和科学进步的方针。 ?3. 他这件事做得多好，这真了不起。 ?4。 你不想做那工作，这是很明显的。
?5。他的父母几乎同时死去，这是很可怕的。
?参考译文
?1。 小麦、玉米、水稻，这些已经收割完了。 ?The wheat, corn and rice have all been harvested.
?2. 百花齐放，百家争鸣，这是促进艺术发展和科学进步的方针。
?Letting a hundred flowers blossom and a hundred schools of thought contend is the policy for
promoting progress in the arts and sciences. ?3. 他这件事做得多好，这真了不起。
?It is wonderful how well he did it.
?4。 你不想做那工作，这是很明显的。
?It is clear that you did not want to do that job.
?5。他的父母几乎同时死去，这是很可怕的。
?It is dreadful that her parents died almost a the same time.
第十四章 长句的处理
? 长句指字数较多、结构较复杂、含有多层意思的句子。在处理汉语长句时，要注意断句和区
分主从。
?一、断句
? 汉语的一个句子有时要断作几个句子来翻译，才能使意思清晰，结构利落，符合英语习惯。
另外，现代英语句子结构趋向简短，非限制性关系从句用得越来越少。所以汉译英常用断句手法。
?（一）长而复杂的句子
? 1. 历来只有真正老实的劳动者，才懂得劳动生产财富的道理，才能排除一切想入非非的发
财思想，而踏踏实实地用自己的辛勤劳动，为社会也为自己创造财富和积累财富。
?Throughout the ages only honest labouring people see the truth that wealth is created through labour.
Only they can free their minds of any fantastic ideas of getting rich. And only they create and accumulate wealth for both society and themselves through hard practical work. (三层意思，译成三句)
?2. 中国的主要人口是农民，革命靠了农民的援助才取得了胜利，国家工业化又要靠能民的援助才能成功，所以工人阶级应当积极地帮助农民进行土地改革，城市小资产阶级和民族资产阶级也应当赞助这种改革，各民主党派各人民团体更应当采取这种态度。
?The peasants form the bulk of China’s population. It was with their help that victory was won
in the revolution, and it is again their help that will make the industrialization of the country possible. Therefore, the working class should actively help the peasants carry out the agrarian reform; the urban petty bourgeoisie and national bourgeoisie should also give their support, and still more so should all the democratic parties and people’s organizations. (断成3句)
?3. 接着，他继续设想，鸡又生鸡，用鸡卖钱，钱买母牛，母牛繁殖，卖牛得钱，用钱放债，这么一连串的发财计划，当然也不能算是生产的计划。
?He went on indulging in wishful thinking. Chickens would breed more chickens. Selling them would bring him money. With this he could buy cows. The cows would breed too and selling oxen would make more money for him. With the money, he could become a money lender. Such a succession of steps for getting rich, of course, had nothing to do with production. (断为7句)
?4. 如今没奈何，巴你雇在间壁人家放牛，每月可以得他几钱银子，你又有现成饭吃，只在明日就要去了。
?There’s no way out but to set you to work looking after our neighbour’s buffalo. You’ll make a little money every month, and you’ll get your meals there too. You are to start tomorrow.
?（二）总述分说复句 ?1） 先总述后分说的句子
?5. 这王冕天性聪明，年纪不满二十岁，就把那天文、地理、经史上的大学问，无一不贯通。 ?Wang Mian had genius. While still in his teens, he mastered the whole field of astronomy, geography, the classics and history.
?6. 人民的觉悟是不容易的，要去掉人民头脑中的错误思想，需要我们做很多切切实实的工作。 ?The political awakening of the people is not easy. It requires much earnest effort on our part to rid
their minds of wrong ideas.
?7. 这一点现在就必须向党内讲明白，务必使同志们继续地保持谦虚、谨慎、不骄、不躁的作风，务必使同志们继续保持艰苦奋斗的作风。
?This must be made clear now in the Party. The comrades must be taught to remain modest, prudent and free from arrogance and rashness in their style of work. The comrades must be taught to preserve the style of plain living and hard struggle.
?2） 先分述后总说的句子
?8. 我们的一般企业很少注意经济效果,广泛存在着劳动无定员、生产无定额、质量无检查、成本无核算的现象,在人力物力财力上造成很多浪费。
?Our enterprises in general pay little attention to economic result, since usually the number of workers needed for a job is not fixed, production quota is not fixed, the quality of products is not checked and cost accounting is not earnestly practiced. All this has incurred a big waste of manpower, material resources and money.
?9. 这些国家的共产党和进步党派，正在促进使它们的政府和我们做生意，以致建立外交关系，这是善意的，这就是援助。
?The Communist Parties and progressive groups in these countries are urging their governments to establish trade and even diplomatic relations with us. This is goodwill, this is help.
?10. 灾难深重的中华民族，一百年来，其优秀人物奋斗牺牲，前赴后继，摸索救国救民的真理，是可歌可泣的。
?For a hundred years, the finest sons and daughters for the disaster-ridden Chinese nation fought and sacrificed their lives, one stepping into the breach as another fell, in quest of the truth that would save the country and the people. This moved us to song and tears.
?（三）转折复句
?11. 我在学堂里坐着，心里也闷，不如给他家放牛，倒快活些。
?I feel sitting in school boring anyway. I‘d rather look after our neighbour‘s buffaloes.
?12. 我们的人民政府是真正代表人民的利益的政府，是为人民服务的政府，但是它同人民群众
之间也有一定的矛盾。
?Our People‘s Government is one that genuinely represents the people‘s interests. It is a government that serves the people. Nevertheless, there are still certain contradictions between this government and the people. (也可用but连起来，但句子太长)
?（四）以反问或感叹结尾的句子
?13. 应当承认，每个民族都有它的长处，不然他为什么能存在？为什么能发展？
?It must be admitted that every nation has its strong points. If not, how can it survive? How can it
progress?
?14. 在建设社会主义的过程中，人人需要改造，谁说工人阶级不要改造？
?In the building of a socialist society, everybody needs remoulding. Who says it isn’t necessary for the
working class?
?(五) 表示强调
?15. 我们的民族将再也不是一个被人侮辱的民族了，我们已经站起来了。
?Ours will no longer be a nation subject to insult and humiliation. We have stood up.
?16. 毛主席、周总理留给我们的建设社会主义现代化强国的遗愿，一定要实现，也一定能够实
现。
?The behest of Chairman Mao and Premier Zhou that we should make China a modern, powerful
socialist country must be fulfilled. It can certainly be fulfilled.
?二、区分主从
?（一）表示原因或条件的部分一般应从属于表示结果的部分
? 汉语句子中往往不用关联词语，分句之间的逻辑关系多依靠排列顺序来表示，即采用所谓―意合法‖。句中接二连三出现的动词，从形式上看，都是等立的，没有主从、偏正之分。因此，在翻译时，必须首先从逻辑上仔细分析，弄清各分句之间的关系，区分主从，然后按英语的表达习惯翻译。一般来说，为主的分句，用―主语+谓语动词‖来表达；从属的分句，用不定式、分词或介词短语来表达。
?1）结果分句为主，原因、条件分句为从 ?1. 错误和挫折教训了我们，使我们比较地聪明起来了，我们的事情就办得比较好一些。（―我们…聪明起来了‖是主要部分，其余部分是从属部分）
?Taught by mistakes and setbacks, we have become wiser and handle our affairs better.
?2. 无论锅炉的壳体和蒸汽管道怎么仔细地密封，总有一些热要漏出来。
?Some heat escapes and is lost, however carefully boiler casings and steam pipes are sealed. ?3. 没有农业，人们就不能生存，社会生产就不能继续下去。
?Without agriculture, people cannot exist, neither can social production proceed.
?2) 行为或动作为主，方式或状态为从
?4. 全国人民紧密团结在党中央周围，朝气蓬勃，奋勇前进。
?Rallying closely round the Party Central Committee, the whole people of China are advancing with
vigour and valour.
?5. 这些厂子，大搞技术革新，充分利用当地资源，生产出大量的、多种多样的药品。
?Going in for technological innovation and making full use of local resources, these plants now turn
out a wide range of medicines in great quantities.
?3) 目的为主，方法手段为从
?6. 我们用自己动手的方法，达到了丰衣足食的目的。
?By using our own hands we have attained the objective of ―ample food and clothing‖. ?7. 这些错误都应该向他们去进行教育，加以纠正，而不是简单地去进行斥责。
?These mistakes should be corrected by educating the cadres and peasants and not by simply dressing
them down.
?4) 本质的为主，非本质的为从
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