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to be socially invisible.
③ It has a universality of theme, not only regional dilemma of existence; ④ The style of the book changes deliberately with the change of the narrator’s environment: It begins with a language more or less naturalistic, moves to something expressionistic and ends with a surrealistic texture.
I am an invisible man… I am invisible, understand, simply because people refuse to see me. Like the bodiless head you see sometimes in circus sideshows, it is as though I have been surrounded by mirrors of hard, distorting glass. When they approach me they see only the surroundings, themselves, or figments of their imagination — indeed, everything and anything except me… You often doubt if you really exist… You ache with the need to convince yourself that you do exist in the real world.
2. Paper
? 回荡在文字中的爵士乐——对埃里森及《隐形人》的爵士乐解读
James Baldwin (1924-1987)
1. Life
☆ Birth: Harlem, New York City
☆ 1938: becoming a preacher and spending much time in libraries and finding his passion for writing
☆ 1944: contact with the well-known writer Richard Wright
☆ 1948: Going to Europe to escape intolerable racial discrimination in the United States
☆ 1957: Returning to the United States and participating in the civil rights movement
☆ (later) Returning to France where he lived the left of his life ☆ Increasing the racial awareness of the Black people
☆ Richard Wright’s successor in a literal as well as a figurative sense and the most important Black writer since Richard Wright
2. Works
(1) Novels
Go Tell It on the Mountain《向苍天呼吁》
(1954)
① autobiographical novel and his 1st novel (Go Tell It on the Mountain, Native Son and Invisible Man: the classics of the 1940s and 1950s Black American Literature);
② thematically, relating the galling reality of the black life against a historical background which shows the blacks as a race have been over the
the centuries trying to attain self-recognition and emotional and psychological
maturity.
③ examining the role of Christian Church in the lives of African-Americans, both as a source of repression and moral hypocrisy and as a source of inspiration and community and also, more subtly, examining racism in the United States.
Giovanni’s Room《乔瓦尼的房间》(1956: his homosexuality) Another Country《另一个国度》(1962)
(2) Collections of Essays
Notes of a Native Son《一个土生子的札记》(1955: establishing Baldwin as one of the leading interpreters of the dramatic social changes that would soon erupt in the United States in the critical years ahead)
Nobody Knows My Name《没有人知道我的名字》(1961)
The Fire Next Time《下一次是烈火》(1963)
① it declares for the 1st time in the history of the Black people that salvation for the United States lies in its Black minority.
② He calls for the Blacks to resort to violence so as to bring about the nation’s self-realization
No Name in the Street《他的名字被遗忘》(1972)
3. Point of View
Baldwin calls for the blacks to resort to means including force so as to bring about the nation’s self-realization. He saw love and understanding as difficult but necessary way to overcome racial conflict.
4. Themes: race and homosexuality 5. Papers
? 以黑人女权主义视角解读《向苍天呼吁》
? 鲍德温小说《向苍天呼吁》和《如果比尔街能说话》中的父子主题 ? 《向苍天呼吁》中宗教象征体现的心理状态
Toni Morrison
Her works aim to empower the black people to act for themselves, to recognize their own world, their own history and their own reality. She embodies the new development of black literature at the end of the 20th century.
1. Life (1931-)
? Birth: Lorain, Ohio
? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
1953: B. A. in Howard University 1955: M. F. A in Cornell University
1955-57: Instructor in English at Texas Southern University
1957-1964: Instructor in English at Howard University (1958: marriage to Harold Morrison, a Jamaican architect)
1964: Editorial position with a textbook subsidiary of Random House in Syracuse, New York
1970: Editor at the New York City headquarters of Random House 1976-77: Visiting Lecturer at Yale University
1984-1989: Albert Schweitzer Professor of the Humanities at the State University of New York at Albany
1986-1988: Visiting Lecturer at Bard College 1988: Pulitzer Prize
since 1989: Editor for Random House (numerous public lectures, specializing in African-American literature)
1993: Nobel Prize for Literature →first African American to receive this prize
2. Works
? The Bluest Eye《最蓝的眼睛》(1970)
① her 1st novel and the story of a 12-year-old black girl ruined by a racial society and its violence
② the writer’s characteristic subject of black women’s search for meaning and identity.
? Sula (1973)
① her 2nd novel;
② a young black girl named Sula, who matures into a strong and determined woman in the face of adversity and the distrust, even hatred, of her by the black community in which she lives.
Song of Solomon《所罗门之歌》(1977)
① National Book Award; the best black novel after Native Son and Invisible Man →one of the leading American novelists
② the story of a middle-class man named Milkman Dead, who in his search for his family’s lost fortune discovers instead his family history and achieves self-knowledge through the discovery of his rural black heritage ③ folklore: the black can fly
④ his conflict with his parents; his conflict with his sister; the conflict between the black in the city of the North and the black in the countryside of the South) Beloved《宠儿》(1987)
① Pulitzer Prize ② main characters Sethe (塞丝) :
the protagonist, a proud and independent woman who is extremely devoted to her children and attempts to murder them in an act of motherly love and protection. Denver (丹芙) Sethe’s youngest child, the dynamic character in the novel, who overcomes her fear of the world and starts to fight for independence and self-possession. Paul D (保罗.D)
A former slave from Sweet Home who survived the horrors of slavery and has evolved into a resourceful, contemplative man. He challenges Sethe to try to make a future with him Baby Suggs (贝比.萨格斯)
Sethe's mother-in-law. Baby becomes a preacher after Halle buys her freedom, and she provides a stabilizing force for Sethe and Denver. Beloved (宠儿)
Sethe's third child and oldest daughter who was killed at the age of two. Her restless spirit haunts the family first as a ghost and then as a flesh-and-blood woman. ③ the plot
Beginning: 1855, Sweet Home
The ruthless “Schoolteacher” “Sweet Home” Sethe who is pregnant runs away with her husband and children.
Treat slaves as animals
Climax: 1855, 28 days after Sethe settled in 124 Bluestone Road, Cincinnati. Schoolteacher takes Sethe back Sethe kills her baby Climax: 1864, presence of Beloved’s ghost
Climax: 1873, a young woman Beloved appears Climax: 1873-1874, life with Beloved Ending: 1875
Beloved disappears Denver is preparing to go to college
Sethe recoversbut stays in bed for her days Paul D returns toSethe
a powerful account of mother love, murder and the legacy of slavery ④ writing features
Symbolism and metaphor;
Gothic: setting, supernatural elements, character;
Post-modernism: Stream of consciousness, interior monologue { Symbolism: Who is Beloved?
1.首先，“宠儿”是瑟思用锯锯断喉咙、可能已经会爬的那个女儿的幽灵。 2.其次，“宠儿”是死在贩运非洲黑人的海上中间通道上的一个幽灵，是所有死于种族主义酿造的灾难中的黑人的化身，具有超越个体命运的普遍意义。
“他们没有与我沾亲带故，但依然是我的骨肉亲人；他们没有享受娇宠溺爱，但依然是我的爱子宠儿。”——《圣经·罗马书》
3.第三，“宠儿”代表了黑人现实中仍就在遭受的不平等的苦难，是过去苦难的延伸。
宠儿是每个人的宠儿，是每个黑人心目中那段惨痛的历史记忆。}
Narritive techniques: multiple point of view, manipulation of narrative time, and flashback;
Esthetic language: poetic and musical. ⑤ themes: feminism, racialism
Jazz (1992: a tale of love and murder set in Harlem in the 1920s)
3. Themes: love, guilt, history, individual, gender, race and religion. 4. Papers
? Tragic Consciousness in Song of Solomon 论《所罗门之歌》的悲剧意识
? Rootedness: Toni Morrison’s Song of Solomon 论《所罗门之歌》中深厚的历史文化意识
? Cultural Memory in Song of Solomon and Jazz 《所罗门之歌》和《爵士乐》中的文化记忆
? An Analysis of Magic Realism in Toni Morrison’s Beloved 对托尼·莫里森的《宠儿》的魔幻现实主义解读
? An Analysis of the Character Beloved in Toni Morrison’s Novel Beloved 试析托尼·莫里森《宠儿》中的人物宠儿
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