英语句子成分

句子成分

句子是由词按照一定的语法结构组成的。组成句子的各个部分叫做句子的成分。句子的成分包括：主语、谓语、表语、宾语（直接和间接宾语）、补足语、定语、状语、同位语和插入语。主语和谓语是句子的主体部分（在英语中，一般句子必须有主语和谓语），表语、宾语和宾语的补足语是谓语里的组成部分。其他成份如定语和状语是句子的次要成分。 ▲句子成分分类 一．主语

主语是谓语陈述的对象，表示所说的“是什么”或“是谁”。一般由名词、代词、数词、动词不定式、动名词、不定代词、、从句（主语从句）充当。大多数主语都在句首。如： 1. The classroom is very big.

2. We work in a big factory. 3.Three are enough.三个人就够了 4.What we need is food.

5. Seeing is believing. 眼见为实 6.To do is harder than to say. 7. Everyone is here. 8.The rich are not always happy. ▲ 在“There be ?”句型中，主语的位置在中间。

如：There isa bird in the tree.

▲在个别句型中，主语在整个句子后面，这时前面用it作形式主语。如： 1. It's very important for usto learn English well. 2. Are you a student？

3. Do you like English songs? 4. There stands a policeman 二．谓语

谓语时用来说明主语“做什么”、“是什么”或“怎么样”，谓语必须是动词，它有时态、语态和语气的变化，并受主语人称和数的影响 ，谓语和主语在“人称”和“数”两方面必须一致。（主谓一致原则）如：

1. He is very generous.

2. She looks very smart and cool 3. We have finished the job. 4. He can speak German.

5. The flowers are often watered by me. （一）、动词的意义：表示动作或状态。 （二）、动词的用法：

1、作谓语动词；2、可以有自己的状语；3、及物动词有自己的宾语。 （三）、动词的分类：

1、行为动词（或实义动词,v.），占动词数量的绝大多数，具有明确的动作意义,行为动词分为不及物动词和及物动词，不及物动词本身词义完整，可以独立作谓语，及物动词本身词义不完整，必须后跟宾语共同作谓语；

2、连系动词，起连接主语和表语的作用，本身有一定的词义，但是较弱，它和实意动词一样有时态和语态的变化，也受主语的人称和数的影响。连系动词可分为两大类：

1）表示存在的连系动词，如：be，keep，look, smell, taste, sound, feel, remain(仍是，保

持), seem(好像)，lie(处于)，appear(呈现)等;

2）表示变化、形成的连系动词，如：become, get, turn, fall（变成），come(实现)，grow(变成). 3、助动词

帮助行为动词和连系动词，成各种时态、语态、语气，或构成疑问、否定、强调等句子结构；常见的助动

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词有：be, do, have, will ( shall )。助动词一般无词义，不能单独作谓语，只能和行为动词或连系动词共同作谓语。 ４、情态动词

情态动词又被称作情态助动词，有一定的词义，主要用来表示说话人对某一动作或状态的态度或看法，表示能力、允许、请求、必要、可能、需要等。情态动词没有人称和数的变化、与动词原形连用。情态动词有：can / could, may/might, must, shall/should, will/would,need, dare, ought to, had to .

情态动词+have+ 过去分词；情态动词表示推测的用法。 三．表语

表语说明主语“是什么”或“怎么样”，由名词、形容词、介词、副词、不定式、动名词、数词及从句（表语从句）来充当，它的位置在系动词后面。 1. My father is a teacher. 2. We must keep healthy. 3. They are at the theatre. 4. Everyone is here.

5.My job is to teach them English. 6.Her job is training the nurses.

7. That is why he didn’t come to school yesterday. 8. Three minus two is one 四．宾语

在主动语态的句子中谓语动作承受者叫宾语。英语中，及物动词（或相当于及物动词的短语动词）、介词后须带宾语，少数形容词后也可以带宾语。可以担任宾语的有：名词、代词、数词、动词不定式（短语）、动名词、形容词以及从句（宾语从句）等 1. I am reading a book. 2.He often helps me.

3.Ｉlike to play basketball. (作动词的宾语。) 4. Glad to meet you. (作形容词的宾语。) 5. I enjoy listening to music very much. 6. Give methree, please

7.I believe that they can finish the work in time. △宾语从句应特别注意的三要素是：时态、语序、连接词 △直接宾语和间接宾语：

英语中，一些及物动词如：give, pass, show, send, bring, tell, teach, buy, lend等，可以带两个宾语。一个指人，叫间接宾语；一个指物，叫直接宾语。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面。如果放在其后，则间接宾语前一般加介词to，以表示动作对准谁；或加介词for，以表示动作为谁做。例如： He gave me an interesting book.＝He give an interesting book to me.

Jim bought me a beautiful present.＝Jim bought a beautiful present for me.

直接宾语是代词，则必须放在间接宾语之前，并且在二者之间加上介词to或for。例如： Give it to me, Lily. 不能说 Give me it, Lily.

There two pencils on the desk, pass them to me. 不能说 ? pass me them. △复合宾语

英语中，一些及物动词的宾语须在其后加上一个补足语，对其进一步作补充说明，意思才够完整和明确，该补足语即叫宾语补足语。宾语和其补足语一起构成复合宾语，二者之间存在着逻辑上的主谓关系。能担任宾语补足语的有：名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式和分词（现在分词、过去分词）。We must keep our classroom clean.

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五．补足语

补语是一种补足主语和宾语的意义的句子成分。补足主语意义的句子成分叫做主语补语,补足宾语意义的句子成分叫做宾语补语

“宾语＋宾语补足语”合起来称为复合宾语。名词、动词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式、现在分词、过去分词都可以作宾语补足语.如: 1. 名词作宾补

We elected him monitor 2.形容词作宾补

Don’t make your hands dirty. 3.副词作宾补

We found Li Ming out when we arrived. 4.介词短语作宾补

Make yourself at home.

5.省略to的不定式作宾补(一感feel 二听hear、listen to 三使have、let、make 四看notice、see、watch、observe)

I saw a girl go into the building. 6.带to的不定式作宾补

Want sb. to do sth. 7.现在分词作宾补

The boss kept them working all day. 8.过去分词作宾补

Yesterday he got his leg broken. ▲ 形式宾语＋形容词（6123 高考热点）

We found it impossible to get there before Saturday. ▲宾语+what 从句

Mr. Li has made the factory what it is today.

The mountain village is different from what it was ten years ago. 六．定语

▲ 定语用来修饰名词或代词。形容词、代词、数词、名词、介词短语、不定式、分词或从句（定语从句）都可以充当定语。 1. 形容词作定语

The black bike is mine. 2.代词作定语

What’s your name? 3.名词作定语

They made some paper flowers. 4.介词短语作定语

The boys in the room are in Class Three, Grade One. 5.从句作定语

The tall boy who is standing there is Peter. 6．数词作定语

Do it now, you may not get a second chance. 现在就干吧，你可能再没有机会了。 基数词用作后置定语： page 20 Room 16 the year 1949 7.动词不定式作定语

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I have a lot of homework to do.

8．分词充当定语（单个分词作定语往往前置，分词短语往往后置，left特例）

a sleeping child 正在睡中的小孩

▲ 在英语中，并不是所有的定语都放在被修饰词的前面，有的是放在被修饰词的后面，故称“后置定语”。 1. 修饰不定代词 something, anything, nothing, something, anyone, somebody, anybody, nobody 的定语必须后置。如：

If you don’t know the answer, ask someone else. Do you have anything important to tell me? 2.介词短语作定语时要后置。如：

Do you know the boy behind the tree?

The students in the room are all my friends. 3.动词不定式作定语时要后置

I have a lot of homework to do.

注 动词不定式作主语时，to 后面的动词必须是及物动词或相当于及物动词的短语。如果时短语时，那么与动词搭配的介词或副词是不能少的。 Do you have any piece of music to listen to?

4 .nearby、 below、 downstairs、left等个别方位词作定语时要后置。如：

We are at the top of the hill. Can you see the village below? The people downstairs are listening to a talk now? They took the boy to the hospital nearby at once. The lady said she would buy a gift for her daughter with 20 dollars left.(remaining 20 dollars) *有些动词的过去分词和现在分词的形式比较固定：lose常用过去分词lost；而miss常用现在分词missing； remain常用分词remaining；leave常用过去分词left。

The missing boy has been found.

Lost in thought, he almost ran into the car in front of him.

5.enough修饰形容词或副词要后置oldenough 6.分词短语作定语后置 A man called Jack

7. 基数词用作后置定语： page20Room 16 the year 1949

七．状语

状语是修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子的词、短语或从句（状语从句），叫状语。状语在句中可以表示：时间、地点、目的、原因、结果、条件、让步、程度、方式、比较、以及伴随等情况。能担任状语的有：副词、介词短语、动词不定式、名词以及if,whether，when,while,as soon as,because , until ,before 等引导的状语从句。例如： １、副词

He can play the guitar well. (程度) Please read aloud!（方式）

I'm going to Beijing today.（时间）

2 、介词短语

He stayed at home.（地点）

Thank you for your help.（原因）

We shall leave for Shanghai tomorrow. （地点）

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