大学英语语法 第二十五讲 句式与修辞

新/ 世/ 纪/ 英/ 语/ 丛/ 书 858 第二十五讲 句式与修辞

委婉语即使用婉词来避免提及刺耳或不愉快的东西。例如: die→pass away, go west , breathe one..s last , decease kill→finish , make away with, put away, remove, settle tell a lie→distor t the truth, misrepresent the facts mad→insane foolish→unwise

pregnant→in the family way 6 . 反语( Irony)

反语即讲反话, 故意使用同本意相反的说法。例如: You..ve got us into a nice mess !

A pretty mess you..ve made of it !

“How unsel f ish you are !”said Hellen angrily .“你好不自私!”海伦愤怒地说。 How great you are to lord it over a small nation ! 你们欺侮一个小国家, 真是太伟大了! 7 . 对偶(Antithesis)

对偶即两个相同或相似的语言结构的对仗或对照。例如: You..re going; I..m staying .

Unitied we stand, divided we fall . 团结则立, 分裂则亡。 Well begun, half done . Idle young, needy old . 8 . 转喻(Metonymy)

转喻也叫换喻, 即借用与某物相关或相联的东西代称其物。例如:

The power of pen is mightier than sword . (这里pen 代替intelligence, sword 代替brute force)

The kettle boils . 壶开了。( the kettle = the water in the kettle) Gray hairs should be respected . (gray hairs = old people) from the cradle to the grave ( = from babyhood to death) 9 . 间接肯定法(Litotes)

间接肯定法是指用否定的形式来表示肯定的一种修辞方法。例如:

He is no ordinary diplomat . ( = He is a very remarkable diplomat . )

She won..t be sorry when a man like him dies . ( = She will be very glad when he dies . ) He is not without ambition . 他雄心勃勃。( = He is quite ambitious . )

That..s no laughing matter . 那可不是闹着玩的。( = That..s a serious matter . ) 10 . 类比(Analogy)

类比就是把两种本质上不同的事物之间的共同点加以比较, 来说明道理, 把抽象的概念 具体化, 把深奥的哲理浅显化。例如:

Judicious praise is to children what the sun is to f lowers . 明智的赞扬对于孩子的作用, 犹如阳光对于花朵的作用一样。

Forests are to nature what the lung is to man . 森林之于大自然, 就像肺之于人一样。 11 . 提喻(Synecdoche)

提喻是以某事物的局部表示整体, 抽象表示具体, 特殊表示一般, 或者反之。例如:

More hands are needed in the work . 这项工作需要更多的人。( hand 是人体的一部分, 代表人)

There is a mixture of the tiger and the ape in his character . 他既残暴又狡猾。( tiger 表

大学英语语法———讲座与测试(第二版) 859 五、修辞格

示“残暴”, ape 表示“狡猾”, 是具体表示抽象)

He has five mouths to feed . 他要养活5 口人。(mouth 是人体的一部分, 代表人)

He is her admiration . 他是她崇拜的人。( admiration 表示被崇拜的人,是抽象代表具体) 12 . 拟声(Onomatopoeia)

拟声就是模拟声音, 突出人或物的动作声响, 使之生动, 使人如闻其声, 如临其境。例 如:

The stream is murmuring down the hill . 小溪哗哗地流下山去。 Some girls are giggling in the yard . 一些女孩在院子里咯咯地笑着。

Rain drops were pattering on the window . 雨点啪哒啪哒地敲击着窗户。

He heard the twitter of bird..s among the bushes . 他听到树丛中鸟儿的嘁嘁喳喳声。 Thump ! A table was overturned ! 哗啦! 桌子推翻了。

“What..s happened ?”he muttered .“怎么回事呀?”他喃喃地问。 Thunder rumbled in the distance . 远处雷声隆隆。 The stone f ell on his head . 石头吧嗒落在他的头上。 My stomach rumbled emptily . 我的肚子饿得咕咕响。

The logs were burning briskly in the fire . 木柴在火中哗哗剥剥地烧得正旺。

A crystal tear-drop plopped down on to the letter . 一颗晶莹的泪珠扑地落在信纸上。 Tom f ell asleep almost immediately . 汤姆几乎倒头就呼呼睡了。

All was quiet and still except for the distant tinkling of a piano . 除了远处一架钢琴的叮 当叮当声外, 万籁俱寂。

The kids are crying loudly . 孩子们在哇哇大哭。

Crash ! The door was broken . 轰隆! 门砸开了。

He let the beer gurgle down his throat . 他咕噜咕噜地喝起啤酒。

The low whirr of the spinning wheel spoke to him of the warmth of home and his mother..s love . 嗡嗡的、低沉的纺车声, 传出了家庭的温暖和母亲的抚爱。

He heard them whispering and chattering all the time . 他听见他们吱吱喳喳讲个没完。 13 . 反论(Paradox)

反论是似非而是的说法, 乍听似乎荒唐, 但实际上却有道理。例如: The child is father to the man . 儿童是成人之父。(从小可以看大。) More haste, less speed . 欲速则不达。

The faster you try to finish , the longer it takes you . 你越想做得快, 你花费的时间就越 多。

14 . 矛盾修饰法(Oxymoron)

矛盾修饰法是指修饰语和被修饰语之间看来似乎是矛盾的, 但实则相反相成。例如: sour-sweet days 苦涩而甜蜜的岁月 poor rich men 贫穷的富人

creative destruction 创造性的破坏 living death 死一般的活着

15 . 双关(Pun)

双关是巧妙地利用同音异义或同形异义现象, 使同一个词或同一个句子表达两种不同 的含义, 使之含蓄幽默, 一语双关。例如:

We must all hang together , or we shall all hang separately . 我们必须团结在一起, 不然 我们将一个个地被绞死。(利用一词多义, 第1 个hang 表示“团结”, 第2 个hang 表示

新/ 世/ 纪/ 英/ 语/ 丛/ 书 860 第二十五讲 句式与修辞 “绞死”)

A:Why is an empty purse always the same ?

B: Because there is never any change in it . (利用一词多义, change 可理解为“变化”或 “零钱”)

“Mine is a long tale”( tail) , said the mouse to Alice .老鼠对艾丽丝说“: 我的故事是一个 很长的故事”。(或者: 我的尾巴是一个很长的尾巴。) (利用同音双关, tale 与tail 同音) Seven days without water makes one weak (week) . 7 天不喝水使人虚弱。(或者: 没有 水的7 天构成1 周。) (利用同音双关, weak 与week 同音)

A:What makes the tower lean ? ( lean 可表示“倾斜”, 也可表示“瘦的”) B: It never eats .

A: I would like a book , please .

B: Something light ? ( light 可以表示“轻松的(读物)”, 也可表示重量“轻的”) A: Well, it doesn..t matter . I have a car with me .

A: I found it out . ( find sth . out 可以表示“查明”, 也可表示“发现..出去了”) B: But I found it in the room . (这里的found 表示“发现”)

A: Are you engaged ? ( be engaged 可以表示“忙于”, 也可表示“订婚”) B: Yes . I have been engaged to Mary . (这里的engaged 表示“订婚”) 16 . 转移修饰(Transferred Epithet)

转移修饰就是把通常形容人的词语用到修饰事物上, 或者把通常修饰甲类事物的形容 词转用来修饰乙类, 以产生简洁、新颖、形象的效果。例如: a wide-eyed answer 睁大着眼睛回答 a helpless smile 无可奈何的微笑 embarrassed delight 既尴尬又高兴 dizzy height 令人晕眩的高度 an icy look 一副冷漠的神色

an amazed silence 一阵惊讶, 默不作声

the unthinking moment 想是想了, 但什么也想不出 isolated ignorance 由于隔绝而不了解 gnawing poverty 令人心酸的贫困 dry humour 冷面幽默 cheer ful wine 使人快乐的酒 17 . 一语双叙(Syllepsis)

一语双叙就是用一个词语同时与两个部分搭配, 含义上一个为字面意义, 一个为比喻意 义, 可产生幽默、俏皮等效果。例如:

Yesterday she had a blue heart and coat . ( had a blue hear t 意为“忧郁”, had a coat 意为

“穿着一件大衣”)

He got up early and caught the train and a cold . ( caught the train 意为“赶上了火车”, caught a cold 意为“患了感冒”)

She left in a flood of tears and a car . ( in a flood of tears 意为“痛哭着”, in a car 意为“乘 车”)

He picked up his hat and his courage . ( picked up his hat 意为“捡起了帽子”, picked up his courage 意为“鼓起勇气”)

She opened the door and her heart to him . ( opened the door 意为“开门”, opened her

大学英语语法———讲座与测试(第二版) 861 测试练习︵二十五︶

heart to him 意为“向..吐露了心声”)

He lost his position and his li f e . ( lost his position 意为“失去了职位”, lost his life 意为 “丢了命”)

18 . 对照(Contrast)

对照就是把意义相反的字词、短语或句子等平行地排列起来, 在结构上对称, 揭示出事 物间的对立或矛盾。例如:

He is rich in goods but poor in spirit . 他物质丰富, 精神贫乏。

That they sow in tears shall reap in joy . 含泪耕种者将快乐地收获。

There is more danger from a pretended f riend than from an open enemy . 更多的危险来 自伪装的朋友, 而不是来自公开的敌人。

Some people are greedy and sel f ish while others are kindly and generous . 有些人贪婪、 自私, 而另一些人善良、慷慨。 19 . 排比(Parallelism)

排比是用一连串内容相关、结构类似的句子成分或句子来表示强调和一层层的深入。 例如:

Studies serve for delight , f or ornament , and f or ability . 读书足以怡情, 足以增彩, 足 以长才。

If you don..t vote, don..t complain . Never be f ore in history have American citizens

held such power in their own hands . Never be fore have they had the opportunity to formulate

such well-inf ormed opinions . Never be fore have they been allowed such vigorous and unrestrained debate on the issues . Not to vote is to throw away your simplest and most effective means of political influence .

The notice which you have been pleased to take of my labours , had it been early, had been kind; but it has been delayed till I am indi f f erent and cannot enjoy it; till I am solitary, and cannot impart it; till I am known and do not want it . (本段出自18 世 纪英国文坛巨擘Samuel Jonhson 的名作“Letter to Chesterfield”。文中倾吐了作者历 经7 年, 孤身奋战, 编写第一部英语词典的艰辛和屈辱和愤慨。这段选文运用三个由 till 引导的排比从句, 环环相扣, 层层加深, 步步逼进, 表现了铮铮铁骨。) 20 . 头韵(Alliteration)

头韵指在一组词或一行诗中用相同的字母或声韵开头。例如: He is all f ire and f ight . The sun sank slowly .