2017 §专题一：情态动词和虚拟语气讲义§

（1）If it is sunny tomorrow,we will go to the zoo.在这句话中，明天天气好是完全有可能实现的，并非虚拟，幻想，因此是真实条件句。在这个句子里面，应该采用“主将从现”原则。

（2）If I were you,I would go at once.在这句话中，条件句“如果我是你”只是假设的情况，没有实现的可能。因为事实上，我不可能成为你。当条件句实现的可能性很小，甚至可以说没有的时候，就要用虚拟语气，导致动词发生了变化。

三、真实条件句：

表示假设有极大的可能实现，常用引导词有：if, unless, once as, so long as, on condition that等等。注意：真是条件句常用主将从现结构，主句一般将来时，从句一般现在时，情态动词、祈使句、动词不定式（to do）都可以表示将来意思。

【例1】If I have time,I will come over to see you. （主将从现）

【例2】If the robot goes wrong,you can get a new one. （主情从现）

【例3】Don’t go to the movies if you don't finish your English reading. （主祈从现） 注意：

1) 在真实条件句中，主句不能用be going to表示将来，要用shall,will.

If you leave now, you are never going to forget it./ If you leave now, you will never forget it. 2) 表示真理时，主句谓语动词不用shall(will)+动词原形，而直接用一般现在时的动词形式。

四、虚拟语气：

1、if引导的条件句中的虚拟语气：

（1）对现在事实相反的虚拟：从句：谓语动词用一般过去时（did，be动词只用were） 主句：would/could/should/might + do（动词原形） （2）对过去情况相反的虚拟：从句：用过去完成时had done（v.p.p） 主句：would/could/should/might +have done（v.p.p） 【典例1】（ ）If he hadn’t lost his money,he _____the piano last week. A.would buy B.had bought C.could have bought D.bought

（3）对将来事实相反的虚拟：从句：谓语用should do,were to do或者动词的过去式（did）三种形式 主句：would/could/should/might+动词原形 （发生的可能性小，从句should do，译作“万一”）

【例句1】If I should fail,what should I do? 万一我失败了，我该做些什么？ 【例句2】If he were to come, what should we say to him. 2、错综时间虚拟条件句（混合虚拟）：指条件状语从句表示的动作和主句表示的动作发生的时间不一致。在这种情况下，主句、从句的谓语动词的形式要根据各自表示的时间做出相应地调整。 （1）If I were you, I would have taken his advice. (从句指现在, 主句指过去)。

（2）If we hadn’t been working hard in the past few years, things wouldn’t be going so smoothly.（从句指过去，主句指现在）。

（3）If it hadn’t been for her care, I should not be speaking to you now.（从句指过去，主句指现在）。

（4）If we had not got everything ready by now, we should be having a more terrible time tomorrow. （从句指现在，主句指将来）

【典例2】（ ）If I had seen the movie, I___ you all about it now.

A. would tell B. will tell C. have told D. would have told

3、虚拟条件句的倒装：虚拟条件句的从句部分含有were, should, 或had时，可省略if， 再把were, should, 或had移到从句的句首，实行倒装。

例如：Were they here now, they could help us. =If they were here now, they could help us.

Had you come earlier, you would have met him.=If you had come earlier, you would have met him.

Should he fail in the experiment this time,he would try again.=If he should fail in the experiment this time, he would try again.

【典例3】（ ）____to do the work,I should do it some other day. A.if I were B.I were C .Were I D.Was I 【典例4】（ ）___he finished the work, he would not have been punished. A.If B. Were C. Had D. Has

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4、含蓄虚拟条件句：有时假设的条件不通过条件从句表示出来，而隐含在上下文或某些词或短语中，例如：but，or，otherwise，with，without，but for，supposing，for fear that等等。 （1）如果不是听了你的建议，我就不会做的如此成功。

But for your advice, I could not have done it so successfully. = If it had not been for your advice,… （2）没有开放的政策，就不会有如此大的变化

The change could not have taken place without the open-door policy. = If it had not been for the... （3）我当时很忙，否则，我就会把答案告诉他的。

I was so busy then, Otherwise, I would have told him the answer. = If I had not been so busy then,… （4）What would I have done without you? (条件暗含在分词短语without you中) （5）It would be easier to do it this way. (条件暗含不定式短语to do it this way中) （6）We would have succeeded. (暗含if we had kept trying)

（7）This same thing, happening in wartime, would lead to a disaster. (条件暗含在分词短语happening in wartime中)

（8）Alone, he would have been terrified. (暗含条件是alone)

（9）I would have written long before, but I have been ill.(条件暗含在but的并列句中)

【典例5】（ ）But for the fact that the firefighters__at the spot in time,more people__their lives in the fire. A.arrived,lost B.had arrived,would lose C.had arrived,would have lost D.has arrived,would have lost 特殊地：从句可以使用if it were not for或had not been for构成谓语，表示若不是、要不是。 【例句1】If it weren’t for you help,we would not finish it in time.

【例句2】If it hadn’t for your help,we would have got into serious trouble.

5、特殊的虚拟语气词should 1) 在主语从句中的应用

It is demanded/ necessary/essential a pity + that… 等结构的主语从句，谓语动词用should+ 动词原形，should可省略。

可用的词有三类 suggested,ordered,required,proposed, demanded,requested,recommended, It is that （should）do insisted important,necessary,natural,essential, imperative,strange a pity,a shame,no wonder 2) 在宾语从句中的应用

表示命令、建议、要求这一类动词：order，suggest，insist，require，advise，request，demand，decide，ask，propose，move，recommend，urge，desire(注意：insist如果翻译成坚持某种动作才用虚拟语气；翻译成坚持某种观点就不用虚拟语气。)谓语动词用should加动词原形或用动词原形，省略should。 【典例6】（ ）The English teacher suggested they ______widely after class. A.would read B.will read C.ought to read D.read 【典例7】（ ）They ___our going to the zoo next Sunday.

A.insisted B.begged C.command D.suggested

一想要( desire)，一宁愿( prefer)，一坚持( insist)，二命令( order , command)，三建议( advise , suggest , propose/recommend)，四要求( demand , require , request , ask)中，无论主句谓语动词为何种时态，从句的谓语动词都用：\。should可以省略。 例如：He suggested that we (should) take the teacher's advice. He insisted that we (should) take the teacher's advice. He demand that we (should) take the teacher's advice. He ordered that we (should) take the teacher's advice.

注意：如suggest, insist不表示“建议”或“坚持要某人做某事”时，即它们表示为“暗示、表明”、“坚持认为”

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时，宾语从句用陈述语气，不用虚拟语气。 3) 在表语从句、同位语从句中的应用

suggestion, proposal, idea, plan, order, advice等名词后面的表语从句、同位语从句中要用虚拟语气，即(should)+ 动词原形。

例如：My idea is that we (should) get more people to attend the meeting. I make a proposal that we (should) hold a meeting next week.

6、wish的用法：

1）wish后面的从句，表示与事实相反的情况，或表示将来不太可能实现的愿望。其宾语从句的动词形式为：注意: 如果将wish改为过去式wished, 其后that 从句中的动词形式不变。

时间特点 从句 对现在的虚拟 did，were doing had done,would/could+have done 对过去的虚拟 would/could+Vo 对将来的虚拟（不大可能实现的愿望） 例句：

We wish he didn’t smoke. 我们希望他不吸烟。

I wished I hadn't spent so much money. 但愿我并没有造成太多破费。 I wish I could be of some use. 我希望我能有什么用处。

【典例8】（ ）I wished the kids ____when we returned home,but in fact they were still awake. A.were sleeping B.would be sleeping C.had been sleeping D.would sleep 【典例9】（ ）How I wish I____ a grown-up! A.were B. had been C. was D. am 2）wish to do; wish sb./sth. to do.

五、虚拟语气的特殊用法：

1、目的状语：

（1）在for fear that, in case，lest等引导的从句中，若用虚拟语气时，从句谓语为：(should) + do

She examined the door again for fear that a thief (should) come in. The boss must reject the proposal,lest it cause violence

（2）在so that, in order that所引导的目的状语从句中，从句中的谓语为：can / could / may / might / will / would / should + do。

He goes closer to the speaker so that he can hear him clearer.

He read the letter carefully in order that he should not miss a word.

2、比较if only 和 only if：only if 表示“只有”；if only 则表示“如果……就好了”。If only 也可用于陈述语气。

例如：I wake up only if the alarm clock rings./ If only the alarm clock had rung. /If only he comes early.

【典例10】（ ）It’s too bad that my computer has got a new virus.If only I ________that program! A.didn’t run B.haven’t run C.hadn’t run D.wouldn’t run

3、would rather的用法：一般 would rather, had rather, would sooner等之后的宾语从句常表示与客观事实不相符的一种愿望，故使用虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的结构为： had done 过去 现在 did（were） 将来 did（were） I'd rather you had seen the film yesterday. /I'd rather you were here now./We'd rather you went here tomorrow. 拓展：

（1）在had rather 和prefer后面的宾语从句中有时也可以用虚拟语气：

【例句1】I had rather you did it.【例句2】I preferred that my husband should do the cooking. （2）在suppose 后的宾语从句中也可能包含虚拟语气： Suppose her mother turned her out of the doors!

4、It is (high) time that：表示：“早该做某事了”时，用结构：It is (high) time that…后面的定语从句谓语动

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词要用过去式或用should+ 动词原形，但should不可省略。

例如：It is time that the children went to bed./ It is high time that the children should go to bed. 【典例11】（ ）---I feel I am so tired tonight. ---Well, it is time that you___. A. go to bed B. would go to bed C. went to bed D. going to bed

5、简单句中的虚拟语气:

（1）说话时，为了表示客气、谦虚、委婉而有礼貌，言语常使用虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的结构形式常为： would / could / might / should +do：Would you mind me shutting the door? （2）表示“祝愿”时，常用 may +主语+ do。

May you have a good journey!祝你一路顺风：May your youth last forever!祝你青春永驻。 （3）表示强烈的“愿望”、“祝愿”时，常用 do：God bless us. 上帝保佑。 （4）习惯表达中常用的虚拟语气。

① 提出请求或邀请：Could I use your bike now?

② 陈述自己的观点或看法：I should be glad to meet you. ③ 提出劝告或建议：You'd better ask your father first. ④ 提出问题：Do you think he could get here on time?

⑤表示对过去情况的责备时，常用虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的结构为：情态动词+ have done。

You should have returned it to him. 你早该把它还给他了。 6、虚拟语气在状语从句中的运用： a. as if，as though引导的状语从句：

（1）as if 从句用陈述语气的情况。 当说话者认为句子所述的是真实的或极有可能发生或存在的事实时。

He talks as if he is drunk． 从他谈话的样子来看他是醉了。

（2）as if 从句用虚拟语气：当说话人认为句子所述的是不真实的或极少有可能发生或存在的情况时。 （1）如果从句表示与现在事实相反，谓语动词用一般过去时。

He talks as if he knew where she was．

（2）从句表示与过去事实相反，谓语动词用“had＋过去分词”。

The girl listened as if she had been turned to stone．

（3）从句表示与将来事实相反，谓语动词用“would／could／might＋动词原形”。

He opened his mouth as if he would say something．

b. 有些让步状语从句也可能构成虚拟语气，特别是某些句型，其中有些用现在虚拟语气，有些用might，may，would，构成谓语：

Whether you be right or wrong,I will support you. / Be that as it may,we have nothing to lose. c. 有些目的从句也可以用虚拟语气作谓语：

d. 在“be+形容词”这种结构后面的从句，有时也用should+动词原形构成谓语：

We are surprised that you should agree to marry Jack.

They are especially anxious that you should deny their suggestion.

e.在even if, even though 所引导的让步状语从句中，可用虚拟语气，主句、从句的结构与if所引导的条件从句结构相同。如：Even if he were here himself, he should not know what to do.即使他亲自来也不知该怎么办。（事实：他没来）

f.在whatever，whichever，whenever，whoever, wherever，however, no matter wh-word 等引导的让步状语从句中，从句虚拟语气结构为：

指现在或将来： may +动词原形：We will find him wherever he may be.

指过去： may +完成：You mustn’t be proud whatever great progress you may have made.

〖考法3——考查虚拟语气的用法〗

1、[重庆2015] Without his wartime experiences,Hemingway ______________________(not write)his famous novel A Farewell to Arms.

2、[湖南常德一中2016第十次月考]--Why did you leave without a word of warning to John?--But what

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