新GRE所有Issue题目的写作提纲

一个公仆如果想成为一位杰出的领导者就必须保持最高的伦理和道德标准。 1. In the business realm, successful leadership is generally defined as that which achieves the goal of profit maximization for a firm’s shareholders or other owners. 2. In the political realm the issue is no less complex. Definition of successful political leadership and of ethical or moral leadership are tied up in the means a leader uses to wield his or her power and to obtain that power in the first place. 3. Personal morality is unrelated to effective political leadership. However, public morality and successful leadership are more closely connected. 政治家题目 ------------------------------ 44. \consequences, either medical or ethical, are unclear.\ 政府不应该资助任何后果不明的科学研究，无论是医学方面还是伦理方面的。 Disagree 1. Financial support is to the uncertain scientific research what steam is to locomotive. 2. The consequences of uncertain researches may turn out to be as substantial as those with clear perspectives. 3. Admittedly, there are some dangers or wastes when the result of a scientific research is unclear. 政府和科研 ------------------------------ 45. \rather than unquestioningly carrying out the will of the people whom they serve.\ 政府官员应该依靠自己的判断而不是不管三七二十一的遵从人民的意愿。 Disagree 1. Admittedly, it is hard to get a good rapport of all the people. 2. However, in a democratic society, government is elected by the people, and therefore should take the responsibility to serve for the people and realize their will. 3. Without the support of the people, government is bound to perish. 少数和多数，政府 ------------------------------ 56. \problems of today rather than trying to solve the anticipated problems of the future.\ 政府应该把更多的注意力放在解决当务之急，而不是试图解决将来预期的问题上。 Whether solving the immediate problems of today is more important than solving the anticipated problems of the future depends on the nature of the problems to be solved. 1. To win the favor of the general public, governments throughout the world tend to focus on solving the immediate problems of today. 2. However, a government’s failing to prepare for future challenges will cause disasters to its country in the long run. 3. Furthermore, a government should always take into consideration the possible future effects of the actions it takes today. 时间之当务之急和百年大计 ------------------------------

79. \and other government experts, who are more informed and thus have better judgment and perspective than do members of the general public.\ 主要的决策权应该全部交给政治家和其他的政府专家，他们更加见多识广并且比一般的老百姓具有更好的判断能力和洞察力。 The title statement goes against the basic tenets of modern democracy. 1. In some cases, politicians and other government experts might be more informed and have better judgment and perspective than do members of the general public. 2. However, there is no guarantee that the politicians and experts would always put the interest of the public before their own selfish interests. 3. Furthermore, empirical evidence also indicates that politicians and government experts do make grave mistakes that harm the interests of the public. 少数和多数之决策权 ------------------------------ 83. \in their natural state, even though these areas are often extremely remote and thus accessible to only a few people.\ 政府应该保留国家领土中公共拥有的荒凉地区，即使这些地区往往人迹罕至。 When our environment is under growing threat from human civilization, government should take action to preserve publicly owned wilderness areas in their natural state. 1. Even a few people could cause serious damage to a remote wilderness area. 2. The destruction of even a remote wildness area could result in unforeseeable effects on the larger environment. 3. Without government’s protection, even the remotest wildness area will finally disappear. 政府之领土 ------------------------------ 85. \arts.\ 政府资助艺术会威胁到艺术的完整性。 In spite of the harm that government funding might do to the integrity of the arts, government support is still necessary for the flourishing of the arts. 1. Admittedly, government funding might directly or indirectly influence artists’ decisions and choices. 2. However, history has demonstrated that government support could also contribute to the prosperity of arts. 3. Furthermore, when money has come to dominate contemporary society, it is all the more imperative for government to fund arts. 政府之艺术 ------------------------------ 97. \affect all aspects of people's lives.\ 尽管很不幸，但是这却是真实存在的事实，政治决策和活动影响着人们生活的方方面面。

1. Throughout the civilization history of humanity, politicians have long been in control of the affairs of society. 2. Actually, as the society becomes more and more commercialized, politics is playing a more important role in influencing various aspects of people’s lives. 3. The influence from politicians are not necessarily an unfortunate thing. 政治和生活 ------------------------------ 105. \willingness of its government to tolerate challenges from it's own citizens.\ 一个国家真正的力量可以最好体现在他的政府愿意容忍来自于自己国民的挑战。 In the long run, political tolerance adds to the strength of a country. 1. Democratic governments tend to be more tolerant than authoritarian ones. 2. A government that tolerates challenges from its citizens has more opportunity to improve its performance. 3. The real strength of a country lies in the dynamic and interactive relationship between the government and its people. 精英和大众之开明政府 ------------------------------ 108. \and view government at work. Watching these proceedings can help people understand the issues that affect their lives. The more kinds of government proceedings-trials, debates, meetings, etc??that are televised, the more society will benefit.\ 在很多国家中，现在通过电视来观看政府的运作已经成为可能。观察这些过程有助于人们了解那些影响他们生活的决策。可以供转播的政府运作(审判、辩论、会议等等)越多，对社会的好处就越多。 1. On the one hand, access to government proceedings via television carries several significant benefits. First, videotapes are valuable supplements to conventional means of record keeping. Secondly, this sort of exposure provides the viewer a valuable sense of perspective, an appreciation for other forms of government, and so forth. Thirdly, in high schools and universities, television proceedings can be useful curriculum supplements for students of government, public policy, and even public speaking. 2. On the other hand, people cannot ignore the risks imposed by more and more televised government proceedings. Watching televised proceedings as a substitute for active participation in the political process can, on a mass scale, undermine the democratic process by way of its chilling effect on participation. 政府和大众之电子政府 ------------------------------ 123. \short time of meeting him or her. Everything about people-their clothes, their friends, the way they talk, what they eat-reflects their political beliefs.\

通过和一个人短时间的接触来了解它的政治信仰是有可能的。和人们有关的一切--人们穿什么样的衣服、结交什么样的朋友、如何说话、吃什么东西--都能够反映出他们的政治信仰。 A person’s words and behavior could directly reflect his or her political beliefs. 1. What one wears and eats indicates the way of life he or she advocates. 2. We can also identify a person’s ideals, qualities and values from the type of friends he or she associates with. “Birds of a feather flock together.” 3. Of course, it is also necessary to watch a person’s deeds if we want to know for sure what he or she truly believes in. 政治是无处不在的 ------------------------------ 167. \truth all the time. Complete honesty is not a useful virtue for a politician.\ 对于一个英明的政治领导者来说，总是坦白是不可能的。彻底的诚实对于一个政治家来说是无用的美德。 In order to evaluate this contention it is necessary to examine the nature of politics, and to distinguish between short-term and long-term effectiveness. 1. On the one hand are three compelling arguments that political leader must sometimes be less than truthful in order to be effective in that leadership. The first argument lies in the fact that politics is a game played among politicians—and that to succeed in the game one must use the tools that are part and parcel of it. 2. Secondly, it is crucial to distinguish between misrepresentations of fact—in other words, lies—and mere political rhetoric. 3. Thirdly, politics is a business born not only of idealism but also of pragmatism; after all, in order to be effective a politician must gain and hold onto political power, which means winning election. 4. On the other hand, although in the short term being less-than-truthful with the public might serve a political leader’s interest in preserving power, would-be political leaders who lack requisite integrity ultimately forfeit their leadership. 领导者问题 -------------- 169. \separate realms fail to understand either the one or the other.\ Agree: 1. It is wrong-headed to equate moral behavior in politics with the simple notions of honesty and putting the other fellow’s needs ahead of one’s own—or other ways which we typically measure the morality of an individual’s private behavior. 2. In order to gain the opportunity for moral leadership politicians must engage in certain compromises along the way. 3. Successful political leadership, if it is to endure, ultimately requires a certain measure of public morality—that is serving the society with its best interests as the leader’s overriding concern. 那些把政治和道德看成是两码事的人是既不懂政治也不懂道德的。

政治和道德的关系 ------------------------------ 195. \rather the search for common ground and reasonable consensus.\ 政治的目的不应该是追求一种理想，而是寻求共同点和合理的一致。 Disagree: 1. Reasonable consensus and a political idea need not be mutually exclusive. 2. The speaker’s position flies in the face of human nature and the nature of politics. 3. A third problem with the speaker’s position is that it begs the question: What are the proper ideals for politicians? They have little to do with consensus, and everything to do with justice and fairness. 4. Finally, lacking idealism a political leader will tend to seek compromise and reasonable consensus for its own sake. 统一和分歧之政治 ------------------------------ 202. \political leaders must often yield to public opinion and abandon principle for the sake of compromise.\ 不同于伟大的思想家和艺术家，最杰出的政治领袖通常都必须为了妥协而屈从于大众的意见并且放弃原则。 For political leaders, practicality should take precedence over principles. 1. Great thinkers and great artists do not have to appeal to the opinions of the public. 2. However, for political leaders, winning the favor of the public is key to effective leadership. 3. In addition, political policies are often made based on the compromise of different interest groups and the dictates of the situation. 少数和多数之政治领袖 ------------------------------ 224. \ 审查很少能够做到公正。 Censorship can contribute to the interests of the public. 1. It is true that government officials often use censorship to protect their vested interests. 2. What is also true is that the mass media tend to abuse their freedom of expression in order to maximize their commercial interests. 3. Government is responsible for preventing its people from potential harmful effects of the mass media. 抽象题目 ------------------------------ 第七类 文化 6. \to analyze the trends of its youth.\ 了解当代文明最有效的途径就是去分析当代年轻人的潮流。 It is more or less true to say that contemporary culture is to analyze the trends of its youth. 1. We live in an age when old people are marginalized in society.

2. What we call mass culture produced by the mass media is, as a matter of fact, a reflection of the trends among the youth. 3. There is urgent need for the younger generation and the older generation to fill the gap between them and to build a more balanced contemporary culture. 文明潮流和年轻人潮流的关系。 ------------------------------ 10. \financial support they need in order to thrive, because it is primarily in cities that a nation's cultural traditions are preserved and generated.\ 政府必须要确保主要城市发展所需的财政支持，因为一个国家的文化传统主要是在城市中得以保存和发展。 Disagree 1. Subsidizing cultural traditions is not a proper role of government. 2. Secondly, subsidizing cultural traditions is not a necessary role of government. Philanthropy is alive and well today, and so government need not intervene to ensure that our cultural traditions are preserved and promoted. 3. Finally, and perhaps most importantly, the speaker unfairly suggests that large cities serve as the primary breeding ground and sanctuaries for a nation’s cultural traditions. 城市和国家的关系之文化传统 ------------------ 49. \and legends present a more accurate and meaningful picture of human experience than do factual accounts. Because the creators of fiction shape and focus reality rather than report on it literally, their creations have a more lasting significance.\ 想象作品，比如小说、戏剧、电影、神话和传奇要比真实的叙事作品更能精确而有意义的展现人类的经历。因为虚构作品的作者们重点刻画现实而不是通过文学手段报道现实，所以他们的创作具有更加深远的意义。 1. Admittedly, most fictional works rely on historical settings for plot, thematic, and character development. 2. Only imaginative works can bring an historical period alive—by way of creative tools such as imaginary point of view. 3. Only imaginative works can provide meaning to historical events—through the use of devices such as symbolism and metaphor. 4. Examples of important films underscore the point that creative accounts of the human experience hold more lasting significance than bare factual accounts. 想象作品 ------------------------------ 63. \define it--requires personal knowledge of at least one other culture, one that is distinctly different from your own.\ 为了真正理解你自己的文化----无论你如何地定义它----都至少需要了解另外一种文化，并且该文化与你自己的文化是截然不同的。 Agree 1. Staying within one culture makes one take for granted everything that the culture provides.

2. Knowledge of another different culture provides one with an opportunity to compare alternative ways of life and make choices. 3. In an age of globalization, one should learn to tolerate cultural differences. 旁观者清 ------------------------------ 147. \choose between them.\ 传统和现代化是水火不容的。人们必须二者选一。 I agree that in certain cases the two are mutually exclusive. For the most part, however, modernization does not reject tradition; in fact, in many cases the former can and does embrace the latter. A. In the first place, oftentimes so-called “modernization” is actually an extension or new iteration of tradition, or a variation on it. This is especially true in language and in law. B. In other areas modernization departs from tradition in some respects, while embracing it in others. C. Admittedly, in certain instances, tradition must yield entirely to the utilitarian needs of modern life. This is true especially when it comes to architectural artifacts. ------------------------------ 172. %uncomfortable, attacks upon the accepted wisdom of the time.\ 重要的真理一开始都是令人难以容忍的，或者至少是令人不快的，而且都是在反对当时的权威思想。 It is customary fate of new truth to begin as heresies. 1. Copernicus’ heliocentric theory in the 16th century was a direct attack upon the accepted wisdom of the time, a geocentric view of the universe postulated by Aristotle and Ptolemy. 2. When Darwin first declared that the wide variety of animal species was due to a process of development over many millennia, he challenged the traditional Christian belief and outraged the religious fundamentalists. 3. In former socialist countries, it took a long and painful time for people to give up the old idea of state-owned economy and to accept the idea of market economy. ------------------------------ 173. \never thought before; it means putting old ideas together in new ways.\ 1. The notion that so-called “originality” is actually variation or synthesis of existing ideas finds its greatest support in linguistics and in law. 2. Even in the arts—where one might think that true originality must surely reside—so called “new” ideas almost always embrace, apply, or synthesize what came earlier. 3. When it comes to the natural sciences, however, some new ideas are truly original while others put established ideas together in new ways. 4. However, in other instances great advances in science are made by putting together current theories or other ideas in new ways. 创新并不意味着一定要想一些人们从未想过的东西；它意味着用新方法来重组老观点。 新旧问题 ------------------------------

176. %upset. Therein lies the value of each.\ 科学的作用是解惑；艺术的目的是创新。只有这样他们才各得其所。 Disagree: 1. In many cases artists set about to reassure, not to upset. 2. In other cases, artists set about to upset. 3. The final objective of science, in my view, is to discover truths about our world, our universe and ourselves. Sometimes these discoveries serve to reassure, and other times they serve to upset. Reassure upset ------------------------------ 207. \societies or groups of people have a diminished sense of who they are.\ 礼节和典礼有助于定义一个文化。如果没有这些，社会或者团体就会逐渐地迷失自我。 1. I agree with the speaker insofar as one purpose of ritual and ceremony in today’s world is to preserve cultural identity. 2. Nevertheless, preserving cultural identity cannot be the only purpose of ritual and ceremony. 3. Nor are ritual and ceremony the only means of preserving cultural identity. ------------------------------ 227. \truly independent thinkers who are willing to ignore established boundaries and challenge long-standing assumptions.\ 为了保持活力，所有的学术领域都需要真正的独立思想家的领导，他们可以无视既定的限制而挑战经久不衰的理论。 It seems self-contradictory to require academic leaders to ignore established boundaries and challenge long-standing assumptions. 1. There is no doubt that academic leaders should be independent thinkers. 2. However, an academic leader in any field is supposed to represent an established paradigm in that field. 3. What might also be important is the academic leader’s ability to organize the scholars of his field to promote academic development. 挑战权威之创新和离经叛道 ------------------------------ 241. \his or her contemporaries; the most objective evaluators of a person's greatness are people who belong to a later time.\ 一个人的伟大是无法为他的同代人所客观判定的，而是应该由后人来评判。 Agree with concession 1. An individual’s contemporaries may be emotionally connected with him or her. 2. It takes time for the significance of an individual’s deeds to be recognized. 3. Admittedly, there are still plenty of cases in which people’s greatness were instantaneously recognized and judged objectively by their contemporaries. 时间问题之个人的伟大 ------------------------------