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Rhetoric

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Rhetoric

Division of Rhetoric

? Communicative Rhetoric 交际修辞 (Negative Rhetoric 消极修辞)

-- To add to people’s knowledge; accurate, plain; ? Aesthetic Rhetoric 美学修辞 (Positive Rhetoric 积极修辞)

-- To get people affected, or moved; vivid, brilliant, colorful.

1. Simile(明喻)

俗称直喻,是依据比喻和被比喻两种不同事物的相似关系而构成的修辞格。由(as)... as, like等引导,这些引导词被称作比喻词(acknowledging word),它们是辨别明喻的最显著的特征,明喻较为直白,比喻物和被比喻物之间相似点较为明显

? 1.three parts : subject (主体) reference (喻体) indicator of resemblance (比喻词)

? My love is like a red red rose.

? 2。主体和喻体一般指两个不同的事物。

John is as tall as a Maypole.五朔节花柱(庆祝五朔节围绕此柱歌舞) Like and as型

? Marriage is like a beleaguered fortress; those who are without want to get in, and those within want go get out .

? 婚姻象是一个被包围的 堡垒;外面的想要进去,里面的人想要出来。 ? Love goes towards love , as schoolboys from their books; But love from love , towards school with heavy looks.(Shakespeare)

赴情人的约会, 象学童抛开书一样, 和情人分别,象学童板着脸上学堂 ? This elephant is like a snake as anybody can see. ? 这头象和任何人见到的一样像一条蛇。

? He looked as if he had just stepped out of my book of fairytales and had passed me like a spirit.

? 他看上去好像刚从我的童话故事书中走出来,像幽灵一样从我身旁走过去。

作用The use of simile can show the suffering of Negro slaves much more vividly, and arouse the audiences' sympathy. It makes the speech more vivid.

2. Metaphor隐喻

? 无需借助比喻词,直接将甲事物当作乙事物来描写。也称隐喻,是依据比喻和被比喻两种不同事物的相似或相关关系而构成的修辞格。 例如: ? 1.His friend has become a thorn in his side.(他的朋友已变成眼中钉肉中刺。)

? 2.You are your mother’s glass.(你是你母亲的翻版。)

? He is as poor as a church mouse, and a church mouse like him eats like a

horse. (他一贫如洗,赤贫的他又特别能吃。)

? b.The huge sunlight flamed like a monstrous dahlia with petals of yellow ? fire.(煤气灯燃得像一朵巨大的大丽花,黄黄的火舌恰似花瓣。)

作用A metaphor is a figure of speech that constructs an analogy between two things or ideas; the analogy is conveyed by the use of a metaphorical word in place of some other word.

It not only helps the audiences better understand the address but also makes the speech more vivid and novel.

3. Personification:(拟人)

拟人手法是把物,诸如动物、植物、物体、思想或抽象概念等比作人,赋予它们人的特性、外表、思维、动作。即把本来适用于人的词汇用于物,使之人格化。 ? It gives human form of feelings to animals, or life and personal attributes(赋予) to inanimate(无生命的) objects, or to ideas and abstractions(抽象). 把事、物、观念等拟作人,赋予它们以人的思想。感情与行为方式。 ? e.g The wind whistled through the trees. ? Money talks; money prints; money broadcasts; money reigns. ? The sun looks over the mountain’s rim.(太阳挂在山边。)

4. Euphemism(委婉)

以较文雅,悦耳或温婉的说法来代替粗野,刺耳或直露的话。委婉的英语定义是speak with good words,就是把话说得好听些,婉转些,使听者感到愉快。委婉法在各种语言中都有使用,十分广泛。

? 英语中的委婉修辞大致可以分为两类,一类是用暗示手法,转换角度使语言温和愉悦,另一类是用好字眼来代替不好的刺眼的字眼。

? 1.Your painting is not so good. (画画得差,却说成“不太好”,good总比bad好听。)2.He wasn’t at all embarrassed by her low-income, and decided to marry her soon.(这里的low-income其实是贫穷poverty的婉转暗示。) ? 3.Jackson, a black brought up in the inner city, ran swiftly along the track and beat all the others. (inner city用来婉称slum——贫民窟,表示了对那位黑人运动员的尊重。)

? And , it being low water, he went out with the tide.(Charles Dickens,Davidcopperfield)

? 正是退潮的时候,他跟潮水一道走了。(溺水而死)

5、提喻(synecdoche)

? 又称举隅法,主要特点是局部代表全体,或以全体喻指部分,或以抽象代具体,或以具体代抽象。例如:

? 1、The Great Wall was made not only of stones and earth, but of the flesh and blood of millions of men.

? 长城不仅是用石头和土建造的,而且是用几百万人的血和肉建成的。 ? 句中的“the flesh and blood”喻为“the great sacrifice”(巨大的牺牲) ? Many eyes turned to a tall,20—year black girl on the U.S. team. ”。 很多人将眼投向美国队一个高高的20岁的黑姑娘。 这里的“many eyes”代替了

“many persons

6、Metonymy

借代故意不用需要说明的人或物的本称,而是借与该人或该物密切相关的事物来代替。指两种不同事物并不相似,但又密不可分,因而常用其中一种事物名称代替另一种。

? What is learned in the cradle is carried to the grave .(幼小所学, 终身不忘) ? Cradle (birth ), grave (birth ) 表达简练, 具体, 生动, 有趣。

7.夸张(hyperbole)

夸张手法是人们从主观出发,有意识地把事实夸大,故意言过其实,以达到强调或突出的一种修辞手法。它偏重于情感,而不太注重事实,表达得比实际事情更高、更强烈、更有集中性,具有诙谐、讥讽、褒贬等功用。一般说来,凡事物,都可适当地利用夸张去修饰。 ? (1)利用数词 ? ①His eyes fell on the page, but his mind was a million miles away.(他的眼睛在书页上,可心思却在十万八千里之外。) ? (2)利用极端概念 ? ①I’ll keep it a secret till the end of the world.(我将把秘密保持到世界末日。) ? (3)利用形容词和副词 ? ②I am thirsty to death for the book.(我想那本书想得要命。)

? 如果用terrible, terrific, awful, horrible, fantastic等感情强烈的词去修饰并不重要的事情,就具有夸张的成分。 ? (3)利用形容词和副词的最高级 ? ①I’m the happiest man in the world.(我是世界上最幸福的人。) ? (5)利用介词短语 ? ①Bill Gates rounded up a wealth beyond calculation.(比尔·盖茨聚财无数。)

8、矛盾修饰法(oxymoron)

? 顾名思义,这种修饰法就是把明显矛盾的词用在一起,以产生语言上的奇效。既然是矛盾的词,其词汇意义往往相对立,形成反义关系,它们用在一块可以深刻地揭示事物间矛盾对立,同时又协调统一的方面。例如: ? 1.The interview lasted for an endless morning, I got quite exhausted. (“morning”不可能“endless”,因为“interview”把人搞得“exhausted”,才有了时间上的“endless”。把有限和无限的东西放在一起,形成矛盾修饰。) ? 矛盾修饰法的特点就是构成相互关联的、属于反义的词被安排在一块,二者之间彼此对立,却又有着必然的联系,其产生的语言效果非常独特,令人过目不忘。比如:

? cruel kindness 残酷的仁慈 painful pleasure 悲喜交加 ugly beautiful 丑中带俊 结构

? (1)形容词+名词:cruel kindness, orderly chaos, wise fool, painful pleasure ? (2)动词分词+名词:loving hate, walking dead

? (3)形容词+形容词:ugly beautiful, bitter sweet, poor rich

? ? ? ? (4)副词+形容词:mercifully fatal, deadly alive, disagreeably pleasant (5)副词+动词分词:changelessly changing, stably moving (6)名词+名词:enemy friend, life-and-death

(7)动词+副词:hurry slowly, talk silently, live deadly

9、移位修饰法(transferred epithet)

移位修饰法就是将仅可用于修饰某种东西的词汇移植修饰到另类东西上的一种语言使用手法,即将甲事物的修饰成分转移到乙事物上,使风马牛不相及的成分凑在一起,反而使得语言简练凝缩,形象生动。比如我们经常使用的“Happy New Year!”, “year”是不会“happy”的,如果非要生硬地说“You feel happy in the new year.”,反倒累赘了。其它如“a sleepless night”,“the smiling spring”,“ ? 1.由修饰人物转为修饰事物

? (1)He lay in bed, smoking his thinking pipe.(他躺在床上,抽烟思考。) ? 2.由修饰动物转为修饰事物

? (1)The neighborhood couldn’t stand to hear the gnawing cry from the husband over his wife’s death. (邻居们不忍听到丈夫因妻子去世而撕心裂肺的哭声。——gnaw指虫子等的“咬啮”,形容的那种哭声难以言状。) ? 3.由修饰人转为修饰人的某部分或与人有关的状态

? (1)Hans shrugged a scornful shoulder.(汉斯轻蔑地耸耸肩。——scornful常用于修饰人的心理状态。)

? 4.由修饰具体事物转为修饰抽象事物

? (1)I have mountainous difficulty in understanding Shakespeare’s works.(我理解莎士比亚的作品有极大困难。——mountainous表示“多山的”,如mountainous district, mountainous continent用来修饰“困难”,则表示“巨大的”。)

? 5.由修饰抽象事物转为修饰具体事物

? (1)The sky turned to a tender palette of pink and blue.(天空变成了粉红碧绿的柔色色板。) ? 6.事物之间转移修饰

? (1)He lift swiftly as the baking interview completed.(倍受煎熬的面试一结束他便急速离开。——baking原意是烤面包,此处修饰interview,为了烘托难熬的气氛。)

10. Pun双关

? Definition: To pun is to play on words, or rather to play with the form and meaning of words, for a witty or humorous effect. ? 双关(pun) 双关的定义是“A figure of speech depending upon a similarity of sound and a disparity of meaning”,可见双关就是用发音相似的词来表达特殊意义的修辞手法,它非常能够体现使用者的睿智机敏、幽默俏皮,造成印象隽永的效果。它的使用场合亦庄亦谐,既常见于故事、笑话、谜语、儿歌等,又可用于正式场合,表达严肃的思想和深邃的感情。 ? 2.— Why is an empty parse always the same?

? — Because there is never any change in it.(change既表示“零钱”,又表示“变化”。“空钱包”里边没“零钱”当然就永远瘪着,毫无“变化”了。)

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Rhetoric Division of Rhetoric ? Communicative Rhetoric 交际修辞 (Negative Rhetoric 消极修辞) -- To add to people’s knowledge; accurate, plain; ? Aesthetic Rhetoric 美学修辞 (Positive Rhetoric 积极修辞) -- To get people affected, or moved; vivid, brilliant, colorful. 1. Simile(明喻) 俗称直喻,是依据比喻和被比喻两种不同事物的相似关系而构成的修辞格。由(as)... as, like等引导,这些引导词被称作比喻词(acknowledging wor

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