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8. 和冠词连用 ? ? ?
the +形容词原级+v(复),指一类人或物
the + 形容词比较级,指两者中“较?的”的那一个,eg. the younger of the two a/ an +形容词比较级eg. The pen is expensive. I want a cheaper one.
? ( a) +most+形容词最高级 “非常?” eg. a most beautiful city 五.介词 I. 介词分类: 1 简单介词 2 合成介词 3 短语介词 4 双重介词 5 分词转化成的介词 6 形容词转化成的介词 about, across, after, against, among, around, at, below, beyond, during, in, on inside, into, onto, out of, outside, throughout, upon, within, without according to, because of, instead of, up to, due to, owing to, thanks to from among, from behind, from under, till after, in between considering(就而论), including like, unlike, near, next, opposite
II. 常用介词区别: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 表示时间的in, on, at 表示时间的since, from 表示时间的in, after 表示地理位置的in, on, to 表示“在…上”的on, in 表示“穿过”的through, across 表示“关于”的about, on between与among的区别 besides与except的区别 表示“用”的in, with as与like的区别 in与into区别 at表示片刻的时间,in表示一段的时间,on总是与日子有关 since 指从过去到现在的一段时间,和完成时连用,from指从时间的某一点开始 in指在一段时间之后,after表示某一具体时间点之后或用在过去时的一段时间中 in表示在某范围内,on指与什么毗邻,to指在某环境范围之外 on只表示在某物的表面上,in表示占去某物一部分 through表示从内部通过,与in有关,across表示在表面上通过,与on有关 about指涉及到,on指专门论述 between表示在两者之间,among用于三者或三者以上的中间 besides指“除了…还有再加上”,except指“除了,减去什么”,不放在句首 with表示具体的工具,in表示材料,方式,方法,度量,单位,语言,声音 as意为“作为,以…地位或身份”,like为“象…一样”,指情形相似 in通常表示位置(静态),into表示动向,不表示目的地或位置 III. 要注意介词搭配,集中归纳,反复练习。
1. 固定与to 构成搭配的名词:key , answer , visit , apology , introduction ,note , etc. 2. 与on 有关的:mercy , congratulations
3. 与at有关的:angry , good , bad , clever , terrified , surprised ;
4. 与of 有关的:afraid , sure , full , tired , fond , proud , worthy , certain ; 5. 与with 有关的:angry , strict , careful , busy , poplar ;
6. 与to 有关的:next, good , polite , kind , cruel , rude , known , anxious , married , close , near , similar, due ; 7. 与for 有关的:sorry , good , free , fit , unfit , eager, anxious , hungry ; 8. 与from 有关的:far , different , free, safe , absent , tired . 六.动词 I. 动词的时态:
1. 动词的时态一共有16种,以ask为例,将其各种时态的构成形式列表如下: 一般 进行 完成 完成进行 现在时 ask / asks am/is/are asking have/has asked have/has been asking 过去时 asked was/were asking had asked had been asking 将来时 shall/will ask shall/will be asking shall/will have asked shall/will have been asking 过去将来时 should/would ask should/would be asking should/would have asked should/would have been asking 2. 现在完成时与一般过去时的区别:
1) 现在完成时表示过去发生的动作或存在的状况,但和现在有联系,强调的是对现在造成的影响或结果,它不能同表示过去的时间状语连用,汉译英时可加“已经”等词。简言之,利用过去,说明现在。如:
I have already read the novel written by the world-famous writer. (已经看过,且了解这本书的内容)
2) 一般过去时只表示过去发生的动作或状态,和现在无关,它可和表示过去的时间状语连用,汉译英时可加“过”,“了”等词。简言之,仅谈过去,不关现在。如: I read the novel last month. (只说明上个月看了,不涉及现在是否记住) I lived in Beijing for ten years.(只说明在北京住过十年,与现在无关) 3. 现在完成时与现在完成进行时的区别:
两者都可以表示“从过去开始一直持续到现在”,在含义上如着重表示动作的结果时,多用现在完成时,如着重表示动作一直在进行,即动作的延续性时,则多用现在完成进行时。一般不能用于进行时的动词也不能用于现在完成进行时。 I have read that book.我读过那本书了。
I have been reading that book all the morning. 我早上一直在读那本书。
4. 现在完成时及过去完成时的用法注意点:
1) .瞬间性动词与延续性动词的正确使用:与how long, for, since等表示一段时间的状语连用时须用延续性动词,如:buy-have, keep-borrow, die-be dead, marry-be married, begin-be on, begin to know-know等;
2) .注意have / had been to与have/ had gone to的区别;
3) .现在完成时用在时间、条件等状语从句中,表示从句中的动作在主句动作前完成,如: If it has stopped snowing in the morning, we’ll go to the park. 4) .by+过去时间状语用过去完成时;
5) .有些动词的过去完成时表示过去未曾实现的意图、打算或希望,这类动词为:think, plan, mean, intend, hope, expect, suppose等; I had intended to visit you yesterday, but the rain prevented me.
注意:完成进行时不可与瞬间性动词连用,如:finish, go, marry等; 5. 一般将来时的表达方式: 1 2 3 4 5 6 将来时 will/shall+动词原形 be going to+动词原形 be + doing 进行时表示将来 be about to + 动词原形 be to + 动词原形 一般现在时表示将来 用法 表示将来发生的动作或存在的状态 含有“打算,计划,即将”做某事,或表示很有可能要发生某事 go, come, start, move, leave, arrive等词可用进行时表示按计划即将发生的动作 表示安排或计划中的马上就要发生的动作,后面一般不跟时间状语 表示按计划进行或征求对方意见 时刻表上或日程安排上早就定好的事情,可用一般现在时表示将来 构成 am/is/are asked was/were asked shall/will be asked should/would be asked am/is/are being asked 6 7 8 9 10 常用被动语态 过去进行时 现在完成时 过去完成时 将来完成时 含有情态动词的 例句 My sister will be ten next year. It’s going to clear up. We’re going to have a party tonight. He is moving to the south. Are they leaving for Europe? I was about to leave when the bell rang. The meeting is about to close. We’re to meet at the school gate at noon. The meeting starts at five o’clock. The plane leaves at ten this evening. 构成 was/were being asked have/has been asked had been asked will/would have been asked can/must/may be asked II. 动词的被动语态: 1 2 3 4 5 常用被动语态 一般现在时 一般过去时 一般将来时 过去将来时 现在进行时 被动语态的否定式是在第一个助动词或情态动词后加not,短语动词的被动态不可漏掉其中介副词。固定结构be going to, used to, have to, had better变为被动态时,只需将其后的动词变为被动态。 如: Trees should not be planted in summer. / The boy was made fun of by his classmates. Newspapers used to be sent here by the little girl. 注 意 事 项 汉语有一类句子不出现主语,在英语中一般可用被动结构表示。如: It is believed that… It is generally considered that… It is said that… It is well known that… It must be pointed out that… It is supposed that… It is reported that… It must be admitted that… It is hoped that… 下面主动形式常表示被动意义:如: The window wants/needs/requires repairing. The book is worth reading twice. The door won’t shut. / The play won’t act. The clothes washes well. / The book sells well. The dish tastes delicious. / Water feels very cold. 下面词或短语没有被动态: Leave(离开), enter, reach, become, benefit, cost, equal, contain, last, lack, fit, fail, have, appear, happen, occur, belong to, take place, break out, come about, agree with, keep up with, consist of, have on, lose heart等等 状态性动词不用进行时态,包括(1)be和have,或者含有be 和have意义的动词,如:belong to, contain, depend on, own, possess等;(2)feel, sound, smell, taste等连系动词;(3)hear, see, find等表示结果的动词;(4)表示心理或情感状态的动词,如:believe, love, want, understand, wish等;
七.情态动词 I. 情态动词基本用法: 情态动词 can could may might must have to ought to 用法 能力(体力,智力,技能) 允许或许可(口语中常用) 可能性(表猜测,用于否定句或疑问句中) 可以(问句中表示请求) 可能,或许(表推测) 祝愿(用于倒装句中) 必须,应该(表主观要求) 肯定,想必(肯定句中表推测) 只好,不得不(客观的必须,有时态人称变化) 应当(表示义务责任,口语中多用should 将要,会 shall 用于一三人称征求对方意见 用于二三人称表示许诺、命令、警告、威胁等 should will would dare need 应当,应该(表义务责任) 本该(含有责备意味) 意愿,决心 请求,建议,用在问句中would比较委婉 敢(常用于否定句和疑问句中) 需要 必须(常用于否定句和疑问句中) should not/shouldn’t do will not/won’t do would not/wouldn’t do dare not/daren’t do need not/needn’t do shall not/shan’t do might not do must not/mustn’t do don’t have to do ought not to/oughtn’t to do 否定式 can not / cannot /can’t do couldn’t do may not do Yes,…can. No,…can’t. May…do…? Yes,…may. No,…mustn’t/can’t. Might…do…? Yes,…might No,…might not. Must…do…? Yes,…must. No,…needn’t/don’t have to. Do…have to do…? Yes,…do. No,…don’t. Ought…to do…? Yes,…ought. No,…oughtn’t. Shall…do…? Yes,…shall. No,…shan’t. Should…do…? Will…do…? Yes,…will. No,…won’t. Dare…do…? Yes,…dare. No,…daren’t. Need…do…? Yes,…must. No,…needn’t. Used…to do…? used to 过去常常(现在已不再) used not/usedn’t/usen’t to do didn’t use to do Yes,…used. No,…use(d)n’t. Did…use to do…? Yes,…did. No,…didn’t. II. 情态动词must, may, might, could, can表示推测:
以must为例。must + do(be)是推测现在存在的一般状态进行;must + be doing 推测可能正在进行的事情;must +have done是推测可能已经发生过的事情。 1. must“肯定,一定”语气强,只用于肯定句中。
He must be a man from America. / He must be talking with his friend. / He must have already arrived there. 2. may和might“也许”,后者语气弱,更没有把握。可用于肯定句和否定句。 He may not be at home. / They might have finished their task.
3. can和could“可能”,could表示可疑的可能性,不及can’t语气强,用于肯定、否定、疑问句中。 The weather in that city could be cold now.
We could have walked there; it was so near.(推测某事本来可能发生,但实际上没有发生)
Can he be in the office now? No, he can’t be there, for I saw him in the library just now.(语气很强,常用于疑问句和否定句中) III. 情态动词注意点:
1. can和be able to: 都可以表示能力。但be able to可以表达“某事终于成功”,而can无法表达此意。Be able to有更多的时态。另外,两者不能重叠使用。 2. used to和would: used to表示过去常常做现在已经不再有的习惯,而would只表示过去的习惯或喜好,不涉及现在。 3. need和dare作情态动词和实义动词的区别:
两者作情态动词时常用于否定句和疑问句。其形式为:needn’t/daren’t do;Need/dare…do…?
做实义动词时可用于肯定句,否定句和疑问句。其形式为:need(needs/needed)/dare(dares/dared) to do, don’t(doesn’t/didn’t) need/dare to do
疑问式与简答 Can…do…? 八.非谓语动词
I. 非谓语动词的分类、意义及构成: 非谓语形式 to do 不定式 现在分分词 词 过去分词 动名词 doing having done to be doing to have done doing having done being done having been done Done being done having been done 常用动词 hope, want, offer, long, fail, expect, wish, ask, decide, pretend, manage, agree, afford, determine, promise, happen mind, miss, enjoy, imagine, practise, suggest, finish, escape, excuse, appreciate, admit, prevent, keep, dislike, avoid, 只接动名词做宾语的动词或短语 risk, resist, consider can’t help, feel like, succeed in, be fond of, object to, get down to, be engaged in, insist on, think of, be proud of, take pride in, set about, be afraid of, be tired of, look forward to, devote oneself to, be worth, be busy, pay attention to, stick to 意义基本相同 两者都可以 意义不同 意义相反 begin, start, like, love, hate, prefer, continue(接不定式多指具体的动作,接动名词多指一般或习惯行为) need, want, require(接动名词主动形式表示被动意义,若接不定式则应用被动形式) stop to do 停止手中事,去做另一件事 stop doing 停止正在做的事 remember/forget/regret to do(指动作尚未发生) remember/forget/regret doing(指动作已经发生) try to do(设法,努力去做,尽力) try doing(试试去做,看有何结果) go on to do(接着做另外一件事) go on doing(接着做同一件事) mean to do(打算做,企图做) mean doing (意识是,意味着) 在非谓语前加not 具有副词和形容词的作用 sb’s doing 在句中做定、表、宾补和状语 具有名词的作用 在句中做主、宾、定和表语 构成 时态和语态 to be done to have been done 否定式 复合结构 for sb. to do sth. 特征和作用 具有名词,副词和形容词的作用 在句中做主、宾、定、表和状语 II. 做宾语的非谓语动词比较: 情况 只接不定式做宾语的动词 can’t help to do(不能帮忙做) can’t help doing(忍不住要做) III.非谓语动词做宾语补足语的区别: 常见动词 wish, encourage have, notice, see, watch, hear, feel, let, make 现在分词 过去分词 不定式 动名词 现在分词 过去分词 feel 区别 与被修饰词往往有动宾关系,一般式表示将来,进行式表示与谓语动作同时发生,完成式表示在谓语动词之前发生 通常指被修饰词的用途,无逻辑上的任何关系 与被修饰词之间是主谓关系,表示动作与谓语动作同时发生 与被修饰词之间是被动关系,表示动作发生在谓语动作之前,现已经完成 区别 多表示一个特定的具体的将来的动作,做主语时可以借助于it把不定式移到句子后面。做表语有时可和主语交换位置,而且意义不变,并且还能用what来提问主主谓关系。强调动作正在进行,尚未完动宾关系。动作已经完成,多强调状态 I found her listening to the radio. We found the village greatly changed. 举例 I have a lot of papers to type. I have a lot of papers to be typed. Shall we go to the swimming pool? the boiling water / the boiled water the developing country/the developed country the falling leaves / the fallen leaves notice, see, watch, hear, find, keep, have, 成 与宾语的逻辑关系及时间概念 例句 I heard him call me several times. ask, beg, expect, get, order, tell, want, 主谓关系。强调动作将发生或已经完成 不定式 IV. 非谓语动词做定语的区别: V. 非谓语动词做主语和表语的区别: 不定式 举例 My dream is to become a teacher. To obey the law is important.
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