2017高考英语语法总结大全

省略if的虚拟条件句 混合虚拟条件句 含蓄虚拟 条件句 其它 状语从句 宾语从句 主语从句 ①Should he come ,tell him to ring me up. 将虚拟条件从句中的were，had,should放到主语之前，构成主谓倒装 ②Were I you,I would not do it. ③Had I been free,I would have visited you. ①If he had listened to me, he would not be in trouble now. 不同时间的虚拟：各遵守各的规则 ②If he had told me yesterday,I should know what to do now. ③If I were you, I would have gone to her birthday party. ①He could have passed the exam,but he wasn’t careful 虚拟与陈述的混合：各遵守各的规则 enough. ②You should have come earlier.The bus left a moment ago. ---But for your timely warning,we ______ into great trouble. ---You know we’re friends. but for+名词表示虚拟条件 A. would get B. must have got C. would have got D. can’t have got Without the air to hold some of the sun's heat, the earth at without+名词表示虚拟条件 night would be freezing cold. It would be only partly right to follow in this way. 动词不定式表示虚拟条件 句子或主句中的谓语动词的如果用这种方式，仅仅对了一半。 形式视具体情况而定。这是Having known in time ,we might have prevented the accident.现在分词表示虚拟条件 考查考生应变能力的最佳试要是及时得知的话，我们也许能阻止这场事故。 题。 Given more attention, the tree could have grown better. 过去分词表示虚拟条件 如果多留心的话，这树本来可以长的更好。 I was too busy at that time.Otherwise,I would have called 副词otherwise表示虚拟条件 you.我当时太忙，否则我就给你打电话了。 He _____fatter but he eats too little . 连词but连接的句子表示虚拟条件 A. would become B. would have become C. must become D. must have become as if/as though引导的状语从句中动词用did或had＋done或would／①与现在事实相反 could／might＋do。 He talks as if he knew where she was． 注意：as if/as though引导的状语从句中也可以用陈述语气： ②与过去事实相反 当说话者认为所述的是真实的或极有可能发生或存在的事实时： He talks about Rome as if he had been there before. It sounds as if it is raining．听起来像是在下雨。 ③与将来事实相反 He talks as if he is drunk．从他谈话的样子来看他是醉了。 He opened his mouth as if he would say something. in order that/so that引导的状语从句中动词用can/could/may/ might/ Turn on the light so that we can see it clearly. would等+do demand, suggest, order, insist后接的从句中动词为should+do He suggested that we not change our mind. wish后的从句中分别用过去式，过去完成式和should/would+do表示I wish I could be a pop singer. 与现在，过去和将来情况相反 I wish I would have gone to Shanghai last month. 在It is necessary / important / strange that… It is suggested / demanded/ ordered / requested that…等从句中， It is strange that such a person should be our friends. 谓语动词用should+do It is time that…句型中动词用过去式或should+do It’s high time that we left/should leave. I would rather you stayed at home now. If only our dream had come true! would rather所接的从句中动词用过去式或者过去完成式 If only句型中动词常用过去式或者过去完成式，表示强烈的愿望 其它 句型中 九、句子的种类 按用途分 种 类 陈述句 类 型 肯定句 否定句 一般疑问句 例 句 We love our motherland. 我们热爱祖国。 They don’t go to work on Sundays. 他们星期日不上班。 Are you a worker? 你是个工人吗？ Haven’t you seen the film? 你没看过这部电影吗？ Who is the man? 这人是谁？ 特殊疑问句 疑问句 选择疑问句 When do you watch TV? 你什么时间看电视？ What are they doing now? 他们现在正在干什么？ Do you want tea or coffee? Either will do. 你要茶水还是要咖啡？哪种都行。 Does he learn Japanese or French? He learns French. 他学日语还是学法语？他学法语。 反意疑问句 祈使句 感叹句 肯定句 否定句 what + 名词 They are going to the airport, aren’t they? 他们要去机场，是吗？ You haven’t finished your homework, have you? 你没做完作业，是吗？ Be sure to get there at eight. 务必八点钟到那儿。 Don’t worry. I’ll help you out. 别担心，我会帮助你的。 What great changes we have had these years! 这几年我们有了多么大的变化啊! What a fine day it is! 多好的天气呀! 13

how + 形容词或副词 how +句子 How + adj. + a (an) + n.=What a(an)+adj.+n 按结构分 种类 类型 主+谓 主+谓+宾 主+谓+间宾+直接宾 主+谓+宾+宾补 主+系+表 How brave he is! 他多么勇敢呀! How hard they are working! 他们工作多努力呀！ How time flies! 时间过得多么快呀! How nice a boy (he is) !=What a nice boy (he is)! 多好的孩子啊! 例句 They disappeared. 他们消失了。 He likes swimming.他喜欢游泳。 We help each other. 我们互相帮助。 I told my friend the good news. 我把好消息告诉了我的朋友。 They sent us a telegram. 他们给我们拍了电报。 They named the boy Jack. 他们给孩子起名叫杰克。 I want everything ready by eight o’clock. 我要求一切都要在八点前准备好。 She is a university student. 她是一名大学生。 He has become a pilot. 他已成为一名飞行员。 Either you do it, or I ask for somebody else to do it. 要么你来做，要么我请其他人来做。 Neither Tom nor Jack has finished the homework. 汤姆和杰克都没有完成作业。 Not couldn’t they complete the task, but the task was too tough. 不是他们完不成任务，而是任务太重了。 John likes playing basketball, but he didn’t play it yesterday. 约翰喜欢打篮球，但他昨天没打。 We must hurry, or we’ll miss the train. 我们必须快点，否则会赶不上火车。 Either you come to my place or I go to yours. 或者你到我这儿来，或者我到你那去。 We had better stay at home, for it was raining. 我们最好呆在家里，因为天正在下雨。 He didn’t work hard, therefore he failed in the examination. 他学习不努力，因此这次考试不及格。 从句有：名词性从句（主语从句，表语从句，宾语从句和同位语从句） 状语从句 定语从句 简单句 并列关系and, not only…but also, neither …nor, both…and, not…but, 转折关系but,while（而，尽管） 并列句 nevertheless(然而；不过) 选择关系or, otherwise or else, either…or 因果关系for, so, thus, therefore, and so 由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成复合句 的句子叫复合句。在复合句中主句是全句的主体，从句是全句的一个成分，不能独立。 种类 连 词 关联词 that whether who what which whatever when where why how that 主 语 连接 代词 从 句 连接副词 陈述意义 宾 语 从 句 疑问意义 if whether （详细请看以下各节罗列的内容） 十、名词性从句 例 句 说 明 That he will come and help you is certain. that在引导主语从句时不可省去 他来帮助你是确实无疑的。 Whether there is life on the moon is an interesting question. 主语从句中只能用whether不可用if。 月球上有没有生命是个有趣的问题。 What he wants to tell us is not clear. 他要跟我们说什么，还不清楚。 主语从句放在句首，句子常显得笨重，因此一般 Who will win the match is still unknown. 谁能赢得这场比赛还不得而知。 It is known to us how he became a writer. 把它移到句子后面，前面用引导词“it”来作形式我们都知道他是如何成为一名作家的。 主语。 Where the English evening will be held has not yet been announced. 英语晚会将在哪里举行，还没有宣布。 I believe(that) he is honest. 我相信他是忠诚的。 that在句中不担任任何成分，在口语或非正式的We must never think(that) we are good in everything while 文体中常被省去，但如从句是并列句时,第二个分others are good in nothing. 句前的that不可省。 我们决不能认为自己什么都好，别人什么都不好。 I wonder whether he will come or not. whether常与or not连用，不能用if代替。 我想知道他来还是不来。 作介词宾语要用whether不能用if。 Everything depends on whether we have enough money. 从句是否定句时一般用if引导。 一切要看我们是否有足够的钱。 I don’t know if(whether) it is interesting. 我不知道它是否有意思。 He doesn’t care if it isn’t a fine day.他不在乎天气是否好。 14

who, whom, Please tell me what you want.请告诉我你需要什么？ which,whose, She always thinks of how she can work well. 特殊what, when, 她总是在想怎样能把工作做好。 疑问where, why, She will give whoever needs help a warm support. 宾语从句作及物动词宾语也可做介词的宾语。 意义 how,whoever, 凡需要帮助的人，她都会给予热情的支持。 whatever, whichever We must make it clear that anyone who breaks the 注1 如果宾语从句后面有宾语补足语，则用it作形式宾语，将law will be punished. 从句后置。 我们必须认清无论谁违反了法律都要受到惩罚。 think,believe,imagine,suppose等动词引出的宾语从句，要We don’t think you are right. 我们认为你不对。 注2 将从句中的否定形式，移到主句中。 I don’t believe he will do so. 我相信他不会这样做的。 that The problem is(that) they can’t get here early enough. 连词 whether 问题是他们不能很早到达这里。 在非正式的文体中that可以省去 as if It looks as if it’s going to rain.看起来天要下雨。 表 who That’s just what I want. 这正是我想要的。 连接 语 what The question is who(which of you) will be the next speaker. 代词 从 which 问题是谁（你们哪一位）接着发言。 句 when This is where our problem lies. 连接where 这就是我们的问题所在。 表语从句位于主句系动词之后 副词 why That is why he didn’t come to the meeting. how 那就是他为什么不到会的原因。 The news that he had landed on the moon spread all over the 同位语从句说明其前面的名词的具体内容，常用world.他曾在月球上登陆这个消息传遍世界。 的名词如：fact, news, idea, hope, thought,question, 同 由连词that引导，I have no idea when he will come back home. order, fear, doubt, word, proof， belief, story等。 位 不担任成分，也可我不知道他什么时候回来。 语 有when, how, The thought came to him that Mary had probably fallen ill. 从 where等引导。 他想到可能玛丽生病了。 句 He must answer the question whether he agrees to it or not. 他必须回答他是否同意此事这样一个问题。 特别注意what的双重功能： ①What was once regarded as impossible has now become a reality．

(what为“所……的事”，相当于“the thing that…；all that…；everything that…”)

②After ________ seemed a very long time，I opened my eye and found myself in bed．（M ET'93） A.what B.when C.that D.which (what相当于“the time that”，表示“……时间”)

③He is not what he was a few years ago. Who is it that has made Fred what he is now？ (what表示“……的人”，相当于“the person that…”)

④What is now the North Sahara Desert was once a civilized world． (what表示“……的地方”，相当于“the place that…”) ⑤Our income is now double what it was ten years ago

(what表示“……的数目”，相当于“the amount ／number that…”)

十一、状语从句 种 类 从属连词 When whenever 例 句 说 明 When I came into the room, he was writing a letter.当我进屋时，他正when指的是“某一具体的时间” 在写信。 whenever指的是“在任何时间” We shall go there whenever we are free.我们什么时间有空，我们就去那里。 I was walking along the street when suddenly someone patted me on when意为“这时”或“在那个时候”,可以the shoulder from behind.我正在街上走着，这时忽然有人从后面拍看作是并列句,这种用法的when分句一般我的肩膀。 位于句末。 While it was raining, they went out.天下雨的时候，他们出去了。 I stayed while he was away.他不在的时候我在。 He hurried home, looking behind as he went. 他赶快回家，不时地一边走一边向后看。 Be a pupil before you become a teacher.先做学生，再做先生。 He arrived after the game started.比赛开始后，他到了。 We waited till (until)he came back .我们一直等到他回来。 while指“在某一段时间里”，“在…期间”，while引导的动作必须是持续性的 as引导持续性动作，强调主句和从句的动作同时发生 如主句动词是持续性动作，常用肯定式，表示“直到…为止” when 时 间 状 从 while as before after till until She didn’t stop working until eleven o’clock .她到11点钟才停止工如主句动词是瞬间动词，常用否定式，表作。 示“直…才”“在…以前不”,从句放在句首Until he had passed out of sight, she stood there. 表示强调，一般用until 她站在那里看着，直到看不见他的身影。 15

since as soon as Great changes have taken place in China since 1978. 状语从句在主句之前时一般用逗号与主句自从1978年以来中国发生了巨大的变化。 分开，如从句在主句之后则不必用标点符As soon as I arrive in Shanghai, I’ll write to you.我一到上海就给你写号。 信。 I had hardly got home when it began to rain. hardly…when和no sooner…than的意义相我刚一到家，就下雨了。=Hardly had I got home when it began to rain. 当于as soon as,但只表示过去发生的事情，hardly…when No sooner had we got to the station than the train left. 主句为过去完成时，从句为过去时，如 我们刚到车站，火车就走了。 hardly或no sooner位于句首时语气强，而no sooner…than Hardly had we begun when we were told to stop.我们刚开始就被叫且主句的谓语要用部分倒装 停。 Every time I travelled by boat, I got seasick.我每次乘船都晕船。 在时间状语从句中，不能用将来时或过去every time, by the The moment I heard the song, I felt cheerful. 将来时，而要用现在时或过去时代替将来time, the moment等 我一听到这首歌，就感到很愉快。 时 Next time you come ,you’ll see him.下次你来的时候，就会见到他。 地 点 状 从 where wherever Where there is a will, there is a way.有志者，事竟成。 where与wherever意义基本相同，但后者语Where there is water there is life.哪里有水，哪里就有生命。 气较强，多用于书面语 You are free to go wherever you like.你可以随意到你喜欢的任何地方去。 Wherever you go, you must obey the law.无论你去哪都要遵守法律。 I came back late yesterday because I was on duty.昨天我回来晚了，因because用来回答why 的问题，语气最强 为我值班。 Since everyone is here, let’s begin our meeting.既然大家都到了，我们since表示既然或全已知的理由,稍加分析即开始开会。 可表明的原因,多放句首 As he didn’t know much English, he looked up the word in the 从句常放在句首，说明原因，主句说明结dictionary . 果，常用于口语中。 由于他英语懂得不多，他在字典中查阅这个单词。 seeing (that), now that 和since, as 意义相似，他们都有“鉴于某个事实”的意思，that可以省去 目的状语从句中常用情态动词may (might) can (could) ,should 等放在动词之前，从句往往放在主句之后，主从句之间不用任何标点符号 because since 原 因 状 从 as Now (that) the weather has cleared up, we can start our journey. 鉴于天气已经晴朗，我们可以启程了。 now that, seeing that Seeing (that) he was badly ill, we sent for the doctor. 鉴于他病情严重，我们派人去请医生去了。 that I shall write down your telephone number that I may not forget. 我要把你的电话号码记下来，以免忘记。 We’ll tell you the truth so that you can judge for yourself. 我把真实情况告诉你，使你能自己作出判断。 They worked harder than usual in order that they could finish the work ahead of time .他们比往常更加努力工作，为了能提前完成工作。 Put on more clothes lest (= for fear that ) you should catch cold. 多穿点衣服，以免感冒。 目 的 状 从 so that in order that lest = for fear that so that so…that 结 果 状 从 such…that 条 件 状 从 if unless as/so long as in case so far as 方 式 状 从

as as if… as though We turned up the radio, so that everyone heard the news. so that前有逗号为结果状语从句 我们把收音机的音量放大，大家都听到了新闻。 so…that的so后面跟形容词或副词 He was so excited that he couldn’t say a word. 他十分激动，以致一句话都说不出来。 He gave such important reasons that he was excused. such…that的such后面跟名词，如果名词是他说出了这么重要的理由，得到大家的谅解。 单数就要用such a /an…that还可以转换用It is such an interesting novel that all of us want to read it. so…that，语气较强 It is so interesting a novel that all of us want to read it. 这是一本十分有趣的书，大家都想看。 Difficulties are nothing if we are not afraid of them. unless从句的谓语只能用肯定式。unless和如果我们不怕困难，困难就算不了什么了。 if…not同义，unless是书面语，if…not是We shall go there tomorrow unless it rains.除非下雨，我们明天就去那口语，通常二者可以换用 里。 条件状语从句中的谓语动词的时态一般要= We shall go there tomorrow if it doesn’t rain. 用现在时或过去时代替一般将来时或过去So/As long as you work hard, you will succeed. 将来时 只要你努力工作，你就一定能成功。 In case I forget, please remind me about it .万一我忘了，请提醒我一下。 So far as I know, the book will be published next month. 据我所知，那本书下月出版。 Draw a cat as I taught you .按照我教你的画一只猫。 此处as译为：按照或正如 Do as you are told.按照人家告诉你做的去做。 as if或as though的意义和用法基本一样。She looks as if she is ill.看上去她好象是生病了。 从句中可以用现在时表示可能符合事实，He acted as if (though) nothing had happened.他的行动就好象什么也也可以用虚拟语气 16