纽马克的翻译理论

concerned mainly with the receptors, usually in the context of a language语言环境 and cultural variety文化多样性, whilst semantic translation is concerned with the transmitter usually as an individual, and often （与……对比by contrast with，与……相反as opposed to）in contradistinction both to his culture and to the norms of his language语言的规范形式. Moreover \translation (let alone its abundant senses in philosophy) it is also used in the sense of \Neubert and Kade have maintained that the pragmatic (in the semiotic sense) is the variant不同的，易变的, difficult and often \material basis and environment) is invariant不变的, relatively easy and always translatable. Whilst this view obviously has some truth (the objective, physical and concrete being on the whole总的来说，大体上；通常 easier translate than the subjective, mental and figurative比喻的，借喻的), it ignores the indisputable proportion of truth in the Humboldt thesis (the weak thesis) that each language has its own distinctive structure, reflecting and conditioning the ways of thought and expression of the people using it, but for which translation would be an easy business. Further, this view hardly comes to terms with

与……达成协议；妥协，让步，屈服 the fact that most material objects derive their names form the result of mental analogies类推；类似，相似 and comparisons, that is, from metaphor隐喻, not form any scientific made-to-measure定做的 新词

neologisms, and that all languages are wilful任性的，固执的；故意的 and different in their naming of some of the commonest physical objects. Lyons (1976) and Weightman (1967) have independently shown how inadequate or overloaded would be any translation into French of the apparently simple,

observational观察的，根据观察的, objective, non-\sentence \(possibly, \rather better German version (\fu*decke\翻译过头overtranslations, illustrating French and German's lack of words of sufficient generality一般性，普遍性；主要部分，大多数；概括的表述，泛泛而谈 and consequently因此，所以 of equivalent frequency（相等的使用频率）. On the other hand, there are many cases where the \provided假如，倘若，若是；以……为条件 the viewpoint represented in the SL culture is well understood by the reader of the translation: thus words like \修正主义者，修订者

\无产阶级（的）\\形式主义的，过于拘泥形式的\\受过教育的，有教养的；根据知识或经验的 writing（教育意义的文章） of many world-languages. A GDR前德意志民主共和国（German Democratic Republic） term such as Abgrenzen (refusal to promise with not-socialist policies), though it is a pragmatic \ translated without any of the three points of view (the transmitter's, the receptor's, the translator's) obtruding（obtrude闯入，打扰；强加） on the message. For jager(1975), the \is what transforms a \

\linguistic theorists, he only accepts the validity有效，正当 of communicative (his \含蓄地，暗示地 降低；贬低，小看downgrades semantic translation.

I would prefer to avoid the use of the term \regard both communicative and semantic as divergent多种多样的；分岐的，不同的，相异的 精炼，精制，提纯；高雅，文雅refinements or 修订，修正revisions of cognitive translation. In both case, the cognitive element may soon have to

be abandoned, since the TL view of the same referent所指的对象 (object or message) may differ from the SL (cf. chateau d'eau---\transition to semantic translation normally reduces the unit of translation, and brings the text closer to the figurative and formal elements of the original, including where possible its sound effects. Therefore the text becomes more idiosyncratic有气质的，有特性的，不同寻常的，个人习性的 and \Length of sentences, however long or short, position and integrity of clauses（从句的位置和完整）, word-position for emphasis, are preserved, unless the divergence between the relevant norms of the source and target languages (which also have to be considered, although the individual writer's \finally prevails) is extensive. The translation to communicative translation normally makes the text smoother, lighter, more idiomatic惯用语的 and easier to read. Syntax is 修改，再塑remodelled, commoner 排列，配置collocations and more usual words are found. Semantic translation is basically addressed to one \assumption假设，设想；假装；承担，担任 that he can read the TL and will be the best arbiter权威人士，泰斗；仲裁人，裁决者 of the translation's quality.