英汉翻译以及翻译方法总结报告

有些词语在英语里是必不可少的，但在汉语中却并非如此，如直译成汉语则往往显得累赘噜嗦。为了使译文简洁晓畅、\文约而意丰\，这样的词语必须省去或是精简。例如：

(1) I felt a trifle shy at the thought of presenting myself to a total stranger with the announcement that I was going to sleep under his roof, eat his food and drink his whisky, till another boat came in to take me to the port for which I was bound.

我要去见一个素不相识的陌生人，向他宣布我得住在他家、吃他的、喝他的，一直等到下一班船到来，把我带到我要去的港口为止──想到这儿，我真有点不好意思了。(这里，如把 \直译为\睡在他的屋顶下、吃他的食物、喝他的威士忌\，会使语言极为繁冗，不够精练。译文采用减省译法处理原文，既准确地传达了原意，又使行文简洁，气韵十足，一气呵成。)

(2) Her dark eyes made little reflected stars. She was looking at him as she was always looking at him when he awakened.

她那双乌黑的眼睛就像亮晶晶的星星在闪烁，他平素醒来的时候，她也是这样望着他。(此句中有两个 \，如不作省略而译为\她像平常那样望着她一样望着他\，汉语就显得噜嗦繁复，诘屈聱牙。)

(3) University applicants who had worked at a job would receive preference over those who had not.

报考大学的人，有工作经验的优先录取。

(4)There was no snow, the leaves were gone from the trees, the grass was dead. 天未下雪，但叶落草枯。

(5) There was not a sound in her---and around us nothing moved, nothing lived, not a canoe on the water, not a bird in the air, not a cloud in the sky.

船上悄然无声，四周一片静谧，死一般沉寂，水面不见轻舟飘动，天空不见小鸟浮云。

转性译法

一、转换成动词

（一）名词转换成动词

1. Rockets have found application for the exploration of the universe. 火箭已经用来探索宇宙。

2. The sight of such a big plane filled the little boy with great curiosity. 看到这么大的飞机，那个小男孩充满了好奇。

3. A glance through his office window offers a panorama of the Washington Monument. 从他的办公室窗口一眼可以看到华盛顿纪念碑的全景。

4. The international food shortage had a direct impact on Kuwait and other barren desert countries. （国际粮食短缺直接影响了科威特等贫瘠的沙漠国家。）

5.There has been a tremendous expansion of nurseries and kindergartens in both cities and villages. （城市和乡村都增加了大量的托儿所和幼儿园。） （二）介词转换成动词

1. He worked long hours on meagre food, in cold cottage, by dim lamps.

他吃简陋的食物，住寒冷的茅草棚，靠微弱的灯光，长时间的工作。

2. “Coming!” Away she skimmed over the lawn, up the path, up the steps, across the veranda, and into the porch.

“来啦！” 她转身蹦着跳着地跑了，越过草地，跑上小径，跨上台阶，穿过凉台，进了门廊。

3. He is a jovial giant, with a huge appetite for food, drink and women.

他为人风趣，身材高大，好吃好喝又好色。

（三）形容词转换成动词 （表示感觉、直觉、欲望等心理状态的形容词） 1. They were certain that they could win the next game. 他们确定能够赢得下一场比赛。

2. He was afraid of being along in the darkness. 他害怕呆在黑暗中。 （四）副词转换成动词

1. As he ran out, he forgot to have his shoes on.

他跑出去时忘了穿鞋子。

2. That day he was up before six o’clock. 那天他不到七点就起床了。 二、转换成名词

（一）动词转化为名词

1. Politeness has always characterized their relationship. 他们之间的关系，一直有一个特点，就是以礼相待。

2. The old man, who looked and talked like an American, is our president. 那位长相和谈吐都像美国人的老人是我们校长。 （二）形容词转化为名词

1. They hated the rich and loved and protected the poor. 他们痛恨富人，热爱并保护穷人。

2. All the wounded were sent to the hospital right away. 所有伤员马上被送到了医院。 （三）副词转化为名词 1. He is physically weak.

他身体很弱。

2. They have not done so well ideologically as organizationally.

他们的思想工作没有组织工作做得好。 三、转换成形容词

（一）名词转换成形容词

1. The security and warmth of the basement made them feel relaxed. 地下室里既安全又温暖，他们松了一口气。

2. I realized the absurdity of dealing with them through intermediaries. 我意识到通过中间人跟他们打交道是愚蠢的。

3. As he is a perfect stranger in this city, I hope you can give him some help.

他对这个城市完全陌生，我希望你给他一些帮助。 （二）副词转换成形容词

1. He was deeply impressed by the film. 那部电影给他留下了深刻的印象。

2. The President had prepared meticulously for his visit. 总统为这次访问作了周密的准备。 四、转换成副词

（一）名词转换成副词

1. When he saw a beggar at the corner of the street, his instinct is to give him some money.

当他看到街角的那个乞丐就本能地要给他钱。

2. Every time her mother bought her something new, she would fiddle with it in her clumsy impatience.

每次她妈妈给她买点什么新东西，她就会迫不及待地、笨手笨脚地摆弄一番。 （二）形容词转换成副词

1. Warm discussions arose everywhere as to his achievements. 到处都在热烈讨论他的成就。

2. We place high value on our friendly relations with developing countries. 我们高度重视同发展中国家的友好关系。

转态译法

一、译成汉语主动句。

1．保存原文主语。原句中的主语、谓语不变，译文中没有表示被动的标志，如“被、把”字等，形式上是主动句，表达被动意义。 The meeting is scheduled for April 6th.

会议定于四月六日举行。

Water can be changed from a liquid into a solid. 水能从液体变成固体。

When rust is formed, a chemical change has taken place. 当锈形成的时候，就发生了化学变化。

2．主宾颠倒。原句中的主语移到谓语之后，译作宾语。 Heat and light can be given off by this chemical change.

这种化学反应能放出热和光。

Only a small portion of solar energy is now being used by us. 现在我们只能利用一小部分太阳能。

Communication satellites have already been used for living transmission in our country. 我国已将通讯卫星用于实况转播。

3．译成汉语判断句。带表语的主动句。

In the old society，women were looked down upon. 在旧社会，妇女们是受歧视的。

The movement to oppose racial discrimination was personally initiated and led by a famous Negro leader.

这场反对种族歧视的运动是由一位著名的黑人领袖亲自发动和领导的。 Printing was introduced into Europe from China.

印刷术是从中国传入欧洲的。

4．增加主语。含主语从句的被动句型译为主动句。 以it作形式主语的英语句子，翻译时常要转为主动形式，有时可加上“有人”、“大家”、“我们” 等不确定主语。 The issue has not yet been thoroughly explored. 人们对这一问题迄今尚未进行过彻底的探索。

She was seen to enter the building about the time the crime was committed. 有人看见她大致在案发时进入了那座建筑物。

What we say here will not be long remembered, but what we do here can change the world. 我们在这里所讲的话，人们不会长久记住。然而我们在这儿所做的事，却能改变世界。

二、译成汉语被动句

为了强调被动动作或突出施动者时，可以将英语被动句译为汉语被动句。汉语中表达被动意义的语言手段主要包括使用“被、受、遭、让、给、由、把、得到、受到、加以、得以、为...所、由...来”等等。

The minister was found to have appropriated government money. 部长被发现挪用公款。

He had been fired for refusing to obey orders from the head office. 他因拒绝接受总公司的命令而被解雇了。

The schoolboy was knocked down by a minibus when crossing the street. 那名男生在穿过街道时让一辆小公共汽车撞倒了。 三、译成“把”、“使”和“由”字句

The famous hotel had been practically destroyed by the big fire. 大火使这家著名的旅馆几乎全部毁坏。

The plan is going to be examined first by the research group.

计划将先由研究小组加以研究。

By evening the occupation was complete，and the people were chased off the streets by an eight o’clock curfew.

至傍晚，占领已告完成八点钟开始的宵禁把人们从街上赶回家。 四、译成汉语无主句

Measures have been taken to prevent the epidemic from spreading quickly. 已经采取了措施来防止这种流行病迅速蔓延。 Water can be shown as containing impurities. 可以证明，水含有杂质。

The unpleasant noise must be immediately put an end. 必须全部停止这种讨厌的噪声。

Some measures must be taken to control the water pollution. 必须采取某些措施来控制水污染。

褒贬译法

词汇按照语法中的词性可以分成名词、代词、动词，形容词、副词、介词和叹词等；词汇按照感情色彩可分为褒义、贬义和中性。在翻译过程中，词汇的词性并不是原封不动地从原文搬到译文，而要根据译文的语言习惯进行；词汇感情色彩的翻译一般应严格按照原文的精神来进行．而不是像词汇的词性翻译那样受译文的支配．也就是说，褒义词必须翻译成褒义词，贬义词必须译成贬义词，中性词也应译成中性词．让我们一起来看下面的例子。 1）The boy is appreciated by all his teacher for his carefulness in his homework. 这个男孩因功课做得仔细认真而受到所有老师的赞赏。

2) In fact, it is his meticulousness that is preventing him from making any progress in his research work

事实上，正是因为他的谨小慎微，他的研究工作得不到任何进展。 3）Her husband was a brave pilot during the Second World War. 她的丈夫是二战期间一位勇敢的飞行员· 4) The reckless driver died in the traffic accident. 那个莽撞的驾车人在这次车祸中丧生