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若作者姓名在论述中已经出现,则在括号中无需重复。
Consequently, according to Nida, “it is impossible to say anything to anyone
without indicating the relative degree of respect to which the speaker and hearer are entitled in the community” (1964: 95).
注意:句号在括号后面(若原文中以问号结束,则不需再加句号);若被直接引
用的原文中出有“”,则在引用种将其变为‘’。
若引文中出现的部分内容与你的观点相关性不大,可使用省略号“?”将其略过。
He stated, “The ?placebo effect,? ... disappeared when behaviors were studied in this manner” (Smith 1982: 276), but he did not clarify which behaviors were studied.
② 间接引用 (概述原文作者的主要观点)
Even Einstein recoiled from the implication of quantum mechanics that reality is an illusion (Gribbin 1984: 2).
③ 同一作者一年出版的多篇文献,在不同夹注的相同年份后加“a”、“b”等,以示区别。
For example, when expressing an opinion a woman would probably say: “Well, em, I think that golf is kind of boring, don?t you?” (Yule 1996a: 89)
Yule (1996b: 100) also stated that …
夹注中包含同一作者的多篇文献,各文献之间用逗号隔开:
Halliday (1985, 1994) argues that a language is a meaning-making system and that it is a semantic system rather than a formal system.
④ 若作者为两人,二者的姓氏出现在正文中,用and连接;若需在括号中表明作者及出版年代等,则用 “&”。
Among the many facts about language, there stand out language is human, language is thought and activity, and the medium of language is sound (Bollinger & Sears 2001: 2-3).
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或
Bollinger and Sears demonstrate that among the many facts about language, there stand out language is human, language is thought and activity, and the medium of language is sound (2001: 2-3).
⑤ 若引文作者为三人或三人以上,少于六人,则在第一次出现时标示出所有作者的姓氏,此后若再出现他们的引用内容时,只需写出第一个作者的姓氏,其余用“et al.”替代。
Scientists have isolated a gene connected to circadian rhythms in plants (Miller, Straume, Chory, Chua, & Kay 1995: 1163) … They identified the mutations that activated light-dependent pathways (Miller, et al. 1995: 1165).
注意:若作者为六人以上,则直接使用(第一作者姓氏, et al. 出版年代: 页码)
⑥ 转引(引用第二手资料)
It is necessary to include translated literature in the polysystem. This is rarely done, but no observer of the history of any literature can avoid recognizing as an important fact the impact of translations and their role in the synchrony and diachrony of a certain literature (Even-Zohar 1978a:15, cited in Gentzler 2006: 116) .
According to Jones (as cited in Smith 1982: 276) ?
⑦ 连续引用同一文献,用“ibid.”标出,表示出处同上。如:(ibid.: 15),表示与刚才引用的文献相同,但页码不同。页码也相同的只标 (ibid.)。要注意的是,连续引用不同于重复引用。在多次引用同一文献时,中间没有对其他文献的引用,才属于连续引用,才能使用“ibid.”。 六、参考文献格式
1、文献目录应另页书写,不得少于10篇。外文文献编排在前,中文文献排后。 2、排列顺序:外文文献在前,以姓氏的首字母为序;中文文献在后,以姓氏的拼音为序。
3、每条英文文献向右缩进五个英文字符,回行时左对齐书写;中文文献向右缩进两个汉字,回行时左对齐。
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4、每一参考文献后加注文献类别标号,具体如下: 文献类别 专著 期刊文章 博士论文 报告 标号 [M] [J] [D] [R] 文献类别 论文集 标号 [C] 文献类别 论文集内文章(即专著、论文集的析出文献) 哲学硕士论文 因特网文章 标号 [A] [MP] [W] 文科硕士论文 [MA] 报纸文章 [N] 5、参考文献包含的基本项目有:作者.(出版年).文献名[文献类别标号].出 版地:出版商.。
外文文献格式的书名、期刊名和论文集名采用斜体(Times New Roman,五号)。 Journal Article, One Author
Simon, G. (1990). The significance of silence [J]. Paragraph, 13, 27-33. Journal Article, Two Authors
Becker, M. B., & Rozek, S. J. (1995). Welcome to the energy crisis [J].
Journal of Social Issues, 32, 230-343. Book
Weinreich, U. (1953). Language in Contact [M]. The Hague: Mouton. Book, Two Authors
Eggins, S., & Slade, D. (1997). Analyzing Casual Conversation [M]. London: Cassell.
Magazine Article, one author
Osborn, N. (1994, March 11). Status and prospects of women in science in Europe [J]. Science, 263, 1389-1391 Edited Book
Milroy, L. & Muysken, P. (Eds.). (1995). One Speaker, Two languages [M].
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Book (Revised edition)
Erikson, E. (1963). Childhood and Society [M]. (2nd ed.). New York: Norton.
Translated Book
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Genette, G. (1997). Paratexts: Thresholds of Interpretation [M]. (J.E. Lewin,
Trans.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Article or Chapter in an Edited Book
Sheets, B. (2006). The cost of lingering arm injuries. In B. Selig. & W. Selig (Eds.). A compilation of long stories [A] (pp. 211-234). Milwaukee, WI: MB Press.
Entry in an Encyclopedia
Imago. (2000). In World Book Encyclopedia (Vol. 10: 79). Chicago: World Book Encyclopedia. Newspaper Article
Morain, D. (1993, June 7). Poor countries hit hardest by budget cuts [N]. The
Los Angeles Times, p. A1.
Newspaper Article, No Author (没有明确标示作者姓名的文章按文章标题
首字母排序)
Study finds free care used more [N]. (1982, April 3). Wall Street Journal, pp. A1, A25.
Unpublished dissertations, theses and manuscripts
Fan, M. N. (2007). An Experiential Analysis of a Pro-smoking Advertisement
[P]. Unpublished BA dissertation, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China. Audiovisual Media
Eastwood, C. (Director). (1992). Unforgiven [Film]. Hollywood: Warner Brothers.
Mass, J. B. (Producer), & Gluck, D. H. (Director). (1979). Deeper into hypnosis. (Motion picture). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. Chapter or Section in an Internet Document
Thompson, G. (2003). Youth coach handbook[W]. In Joe soccer. Retrieved September 17, 2004, from http://www.joesoccer.com/menu.html 8
6、中文文献目录中的书名、期刊名和论文集名用书名号“《》”。(中文,宋体,小五号,1.5倍行距)除出版地后跟冒号外,其余各项后均使用“,”隔开,最后用“。”。
① 期刊式:
作者姓名,出版年代,论文题目[文献类别标号],《期刊名》,卷号(期数), 论文起止页码。
例: 周龙如,1993,也谈英语动词的语气[J],《外国语》,第4期,128-144。
② 专著式:
作者姓名,出版年代,《书名》[文献类别标号] [M],出版地:出版社。
例: 冯庆华, 1997,《实用翻译教程》[M],上海:上海外语教育出版社。
③ 编著论文式:
作者姓名,出版年代,论文题目[A],《编著或文集名》[文献类别标号], 编著者姓名,论文页码范围,出版社。
例: 刘润清,1989,英语语篇分析 [A],《话语语言学论文集》[C],
王福祥,白春仁主编,305-335,北京:外语教学与研究出版社。
④ 译著式:
原著作者姓名. 原著名. 原著出版年代.中译本:《译著名》[文献类别标号],译者名,译著出版年代,出版译著的出版社。
例: Chao, Y. A Grammar of Spoken Chinese [M]. 1968.中译本:《汉语
口语语法》[M],吕叔湘译,商务印书馆,1979。
七、页码的排列顺序。
正文部分页码以阿拉伯数字开始排列。英文摘要、中文摘要、参考文献、致谢、附录的页码以小写罗马数字依次排列。
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