要写好文章

Teachers of foreign languages should be extremely well-qualified in order to carry out their duties properly. , a teacher should possess a minimum of a graduate degree from a certified education school or institute if he is to teach high school or below. Besides the academic degree, teachers should not consider teaching only as an occupation for earning money; they should also be interested in teaching. It was necessary that teachers be knowledgeable in their major fields, they should be skillful as well. , the language teacher must know the target language well enough to be imitated by his students. Proficiency in the target language includes four skills：understanding, speaking, reading, and writing. A teacher should know the linguistic facts of the language of the students in order to understand the problems they will have in learning the target language. the teacher must be familiar with audio-lingual techniques. Knowing all these will help the students to learn correctly and quickly.

2. then, if, when, because, even though, first

For many centuries Javanese culture has been influenced by Animism and Hinduism. new religions are growing among the people — the Moslem, Catholic, and Protestant religions — many people feel that traditional ceremonies are an obligation for a Javanese. they don’t fulfill their obligation, they believe that bad luck will come to them or to their family. my fiancé and I decided to marry, my family encouraged us to have a traditional Javanese wedding ceremony, and we agreed. a traditional Javanese wedding is so complicated, it needs plenty of time for preparation. we had to decide how many people would be invited from outside of the housing complex： my friends from work, my husband’s friends, my parents’ friends from church and from other communities. People from the housing complex are automatically invited. , June is a popular month for weddings, we had difficulty finding a rental hall which would hold 800 people...

Practice 5-4-2

Directions： Read the following paragraph carefully. Pay attention to the topic sentence and the transitions.

Once people were very much afraid of ghosts. Their fear led them to develop elaborate rituals to ward off encounters with the dead. For example, since primitive people believed that ghosts could capture their spirit at funerals, they carried wooden images of themselves in the hope that the ghosts would be fooled into carrying off the images. Images have been popular with people from primitive times until today. Once people believed that taking a picture of someone would rob the person of his or her soul. It is possible, too, that the tradition of sitting up with the dead comes from a belief that ghosts escape in the night. Certainly the ritual of laying tombstones is derived from a superstition about the dead. People once believed that stones piled on top of a grave would keep the dead person’s ghost from escaping and haunting the living. Eventually the number of stones diminished until only one stone, the tombstone, was left as a reminder of the ancient superstition.

5.5段落内容的展开 Paragraph Development

掌握了主题句，也就知道接下来要围绕一个主题展开段落。如何将段落展开，使之成为主题鲜明、思想表达充分，并且对文章的中心起到引申和扩充作用的段落是十分重要的。一个段落的设计总是有规律的。确定了主题句之后，要选择有助于阐述这一中心意思的例子或细节，把它们逐一列出；最后，把这些细节按照逻辑顺序排列好，一个段落的初稿就这样设计出来了。在段落的展开过程中，支持句起着至关重要的作用。下面谈一谈支持句及其表达形式。

5.5.1支持句的定义

支持句是用来支持或解释主题句表达的中心思想，为读者解释事实、提供例证、说明步骤数据、描写细节特征、陈述思想、观点、理由等的句子，通过这些细节或不同的角度、层次对段落的主题加以进一步的阐明，从而使文章内容充实，言之有物。阅读并分析以下各例中的支持句：

例1.

In the Northwest Passage, the sea route that threads its way through the Canadian Arctic, danger is never very far away for ships and their crews. The weather alone makes the voyage difficult. Temperatures often fall to -50°F, strong winds blow off the polar ice cap, and visibility is frequently near zero. Navigation by compass is not possible because the magnetic North Pole lies along the route, and radio communications are often interrupted by Arctic blackouts. The greatest menace, however, is the polar ice pack. This immense mass of ice clogs much of the passage all year. Huge pieces of ice, some of them miles long, often break free from the pack and float into open waters, where they can trap or sink a ship that has overcome the other dangers of the Northwest Passage.

在例1中，作者从气候、地理位置和大冰块三个细节来说明其主题句所表达的中心思想“Danger is never far away for ships and their crews.”

5.5.2支持句的表达形式

支持句的表达形式(Patterns of Supporting Sentences)是多种多样的，根据写作目的和内容的不同，作者可以用举例、对比、因果、分类、定义等不同类型的支持句来扩展、充实主题句要表达的内容。因此，段落可以按照时间、过程、空间、举例和归纳、比较和对照、原因和结果、分类、定义、综合法等方式展开。

5.5.2.1时间顺序

当我们讲故事或描述一连串相继发生的动作时，往往依照这些事发生的时间先后顺序(Time Sequence)叙述。先发生的事情先讲，后发生的事情后讲。下面请看几个例子： 例1.

According to Piaget, a Swiss psychologist, children go through various stages in their cognitive development. The first stage is called the sensorimotor period (0 to 2 years). During this time the child’s behavior is primarily motor. The second stage is that of preoperational thought (2

to 7 years). During this stage the child is developing language and gaining a number of concepts. The next stage is the period of concrete operations (7 to 11 years). During this period the child is acquiring ability to apply logic to concrete matters. However, it is not until the last stage, called the formal stage (11+ onward), that the child is able to do high level abstract reasoning.

例2.

Jame’s history follows a particular pattern that many juvenile offenders seem to fall into. First, he was born to a single parent, a mother who did not work. Second, he did most of his own child rearing, feeding and clothing himself from the age of four. Third, when he began school, he returned home to an empty house. Finally, as a teenager he found himself spending more time on the street with dropouts than at home.

例1按时间顺序说明孩子认知能力发展的四个年龄阶段；例2则按照少年成长阶段的时间顺序分析了少年犯罪的家庭、社会原因。 例3.

James Murray was born in Scotland in 1873, the son of a village tailor. He went to a parish school, but he left at 14 and he educated himself with pertinacity. He loved knowledge and he loved to impart it. He became a schoolmaster; he learned language after language and was alive to geology, archeology and phonetics, as well as to local politics. He had to leave Scotland because of the illness of his first wife, and he became a bank clerk in London. By sheer energy of scholarship, and without benefit of any university education, he made himself indispensable to the other remarkable philologists of his day. He returned to school-teaching and lived a 72-hour day for the rest of his life. For the invitation to edit what became the O. E. D. was one that he could not refuse. At first he combined it with his school work; later he moved to Oxford and dedicated himself to building the best sort of monument — best in that it was not a monument to himself, and best in that it was not a monument to something dead but rather to something living： the English language.

— Christopher Ricks

例4.

My heart gave a leap when I heard the announcement that our train would soon arrive at its destination — Beijing. Like other passengers, I began to collect my things and put my mug, towel, atlas, apples, and other things into my bag. To the tune of a beautiful song the train pulled into the station and gently stopped by a platform. I walked out of the train and was carried forward by the stream of people into an underground passage and then into a big hall. As I stepped out of the station, I was dazzled by the bright autumn skies of Beijing. Though I had been on the train for more than thirty hours and spent an sleepless night, I didn’t feel tired at all, and I believed my days in Beijing would be as sunny as the skies.

以上两个段落，例3叙述了一个人的生平，例4讲述了一个学生即将到达北京站时，发生在几分钟内的事情。这两段都是按时间顺序展开的，条理清楚，明白易懂。

时间概念关联词：

(1) 标志发生顺序先后的： before, after,(and)then, next, later, as soon as, after a while, first, second, finally, since, etc.

(2) 标志同时进行或即时性的：while, when, meanwhile, in the mean time, during, at the same time, etc.

(3) 标志已发生或过去的： ago, formerly, earlier, just now, at that time, in the past, etc. (4)标志正在发生或现在的：presently, now, so far, until now, etc.

(5)标志将来或后来发生的：thereafter, soon, hence, next(day, week, year), etc.

5.5.2.2过程分析法

写作时为了讲清楚如何做一件事情，我们通常按其步骤的先后顺序逐项说明，并且分析某事是如何发生、发展的，这就是过程分析法(Process Analysis)。在这一类文章里通常用祈使句和不定指代词“you”来表达。请看下面的例子： 例1.

It is necessary for a person to know how to post a parcel, since almost everyone has relatives and friends living far away and he may like to send them something. Different objects are packed in different ways. Things like bottles of medicine and watches should be put into wooden boxes to avoid breakage. After you have packed the objects, put down your address and that of the addressee on the wrapping. Give the parcel to the postal clerk for him to check. He will then give you a form to fill in. Having filled in the form, you give it together with the parcel to the clerk. He will weigh the parcel and tell you how much you should pay. You pay the money and get a receipt. Be sure to keep your receipt until you are sure that the addressee has received the parcel. If anything wrong should happen to your parcel, you can show the receipt to the clerk and ask to be reimbursed.

例2.

Once you encounter a person who has stopped breathing, you should begin immediately to do mouth-to-mouth breathing. First, place the victim on his back and remove any foreign matter from his mouth with your fingers. Then tilt his head backwards, so that his chin is pointing up. Next, pull his mouth open and his jaw forward, pinch his nostrils shut to prevent the air which you blow into his mouth from escaping through his nose. Then place your mouth tightly over the victim’s. Blow into his mouth until you see his chest rise. Then turn your head to the side and listen for the out rush of air which indicates an air exchange. Repeat the process...

过程分析法多用于说明文，特别是科技文章写作中，回答How something is done？ 或解释、描述How something works？

例3.

To define a word, then, the dictionary-editor places before him the stack of cards illustrating that word; each of the cards represents an actual use of the word by a writer of some literary or historical importance. He reads the cards carefully, discards some, rereads the rest, and divides up the stack according to what he thinks are the several senses of the word. Finally, he writes his definitions, following the hard-and-fast rule that each definition must be based on what the quotations in front of him reveal about the meaning of the word. The editor cannot be influenced