复旦大学研究生英语教师用书

纽曼笔下被作为现代大学理想化的话， 那么当弗莱克斯纳在1930年用笔提及它的时候，“现代大学”的概念几近消亡。观察家们的笔总是赶不上历史演进的步伐。不论是古代的经典作品、神学，还是德国的哲学家和科学家们都无法为真正意义上的现代大学 — 综合性大学定下基调。

再也不会有吟游诗人来为“综合性大学的理想”大唱赞歌；再也不会有先知来阐述其宗旨；再也不会有监护人来确保其神圣不可侵犯。有人会对它提出批评，有人会对它进行诽谤，也有人会违背它的宗旨。也有人会向那些愿意倾听的人吆喝叫卖 — 很多人都在这么做。但它还是深深植根于历史的逻辑中。与其说综合性大学是在多个美妙的选项中的一个理性选择，还不如说它是个势在必行的选择。

哈佛校长内森·普西在他最新的写给哈佛监督委员会委员的年度报告中提到现任的委员们平均毕业年份是1924年；自1924年以来哈佛已发生了翻天覆地的变化。哈佛一半的建筑物是新造的。哈佛的教职工人数增长了五倍，而预算增长了近十五倍。“通过增进国际了解、扩大知识面以及采用越来越复杂的研究方法，我们几乎到处都能找到由当代大学的课程和实质带来的相关似曾相识的效果…… 亚洲和非洲、无线电望远镜、微波激射器、激光和供星际间探索的仪器在1924年都是人们根本无法想象的 — 所有这些发展在当代大学的学术导向和目标领域带来了如此巨大的变化，以至于我们在学生时代所理解的大学已经成了一种异常落后、简单和几乎抱着无所谓态度的机构。而它们仍继续保持着变化的节奏。”

这种情况不仅在哈佛出现。去年，加州大学从各种渠道获得的经费将近五亿美元，此外还有近一亿美元用于校园建设；加州大学各部门的所有雇员加起来有四万多人，这个数字大大超过了IBM的雇员人数；包括校园在内，加州大学分布在一百多个地点；实验站、农业和城市延伸中心以及涉及五十多个国家的海外项目；学校专业目录中包括近一万门课程；和几乎所有的行业、各级政府和其所在地区的个人都保持着各种联系。该学校还维护着大量昂贵的设备。四千多个婴儿诞生在该校附属的医院里。加州大学是世界上最大的小白鼠的提供者。它也即将拥有世界上最大的灵长类动物种群。它即将拥有十万学生 — 其中三万人是研究生。然而和教学直接相关的费用还远远不到其所有开支的三分之一。加州大学已经有近二十万学生在修读扩展课程 — 学生包括来自加州的三分之一的律师和六分之一的医生。哈佛和加州大学仅仅是很多例子中的两个而已。

纽曼提出的“大学的理想”仍有其拥趸 — 他们主要是人文主义者、通才和本科生。弗莱克斯纳的“现代大学的理念”也同样有其拥护者 — 他们主要是科学家、专家和研究生们。“综合性大学的理想”也有其实践者 — 他们主要是行政人员。这些行政人员在教职员工中占了

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相当的比例，还有社会上的各个领导集团。在教工俱乐部和学生咖啡馆都能听到一些争议；牛津、柏林和现代哈佛的模式凭借关乎其实质和目标的统一愿景将曾经“由大师和学生组成的群体”中的各个组成部分有机结合并发扬光大。所有这些关乎真正愿景的具有竞争力的目标都和历史的各个不同层面和各种力量组成的不同的网络有关联。这些愿景是当今大学病态的基本根源。对不同的人来说大学意味着太多不同的东西，因此大学在某种程度上有必要向自己开刀。

Further Reading: General Education at Harvard College

Key to Exercises I. Cloze

There are 10 blanks in the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper word. 1. on

6. into

Key to Translation Practice

Primary and secondary school will impart to you only some rudiments of knowledge. Even w hat you learn during the four years of university will be something quite superficial too. A university has often been misleadingly referred to as “the highest seat of learning,” which sounds as if there were no more learning to speak of beyond it. A research institute of the university, however, is the place for preliminary scholarship. But even there you get only a first taste of learning, and the emphasis is on research methodology and practice. Learning is a life-long endeavor. That is why some of our ancients continued to study even when they were old and grey. They were, of course, motivated by an enormous interest in their study.

Since ancient times, to learn all men must have teachers, who pass on the truth, impart knowledge, and dispel ignorance. As men are not born wise, who can be free from ignorance? But if an ignorant man refuses to follow a teacher, then he will remain ignorant for the rest of his life. Those who were born before me learned the truth before I do, naturally I should learn from them.

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2. which 7. been

3. that 4. unique 9. or

5. Other 10. on

8. with

Some of those who were born after me might have learned the truth before I do, I should also learn from them. As I seek the truth, I need not worry whether my teacher is my senior or junior. Whether he is noble or common, old or young, whoever knows the truth qualifies as a teacher.

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UNIT TWO

Text: The Nature of Scientific Reasoning

Background Information

Jacob Bronowski (1908-1974) was a Polish-Jewish British mathematician, biologist, historian of science, theatre author, poet and inventor. He wrote on the true nature of scientific reasoning by posing and answering a number of questions. How do scientists think and reason? What are the psychological processes involved in scientific reasoning and discovery? Is science a collection of facts? How do scientific theories develop in a way that old ideas transformed into new ideas, considering the attempts made by Copernicus, Kepler, and Newton to control nature throughout history?

Key to Exercises III. Vocabulary Study

Choose the word or phrase that best completes each of the following sentences. 1. C 2. D 3. A 4. B 5. C 6. D 7. C 8. A 9. C 10. C IV. Cloze

There are 10 blanks in the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper word. 1.consists 2.By 3.to 4.just/only 5.in 6.to 7.if/though 8.use 9.achieve 10.In

Translation of the Text

科学推理的本质

雅各伯布·洛诺斯基

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